S v Hlokulu

JurisdictionSouth Africa
Citation1988 (1) SA 174 (C)

S v Hlokulu
1988 (1) SA 174 (C)

1988 (1) SA p174


Citation

1988 (1) SA 174 (C)

Court

Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling

Judge

Baker R en Van Den Heever R

Heard

October 31, 1986

Judgment

October 31, 1986

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde E

Strafproses — Verhoor — Pleit — Pleit van onskuldig op hoofklagte (handeldryf in dagga ter oortreding van art 2(a) van Wet 41 van 1971) en skuldig op alternatiewe klagte (besit van dagga ter oortreding van art 2(b) van Wet 41 van 1971) — Beskuldigde se erkenning van besit van dagga in terme van art 220 van Strafproseswet 51 van 1977 aangeteken — F Verhoorhof van mening dat Staat se aanvaarding van pleit van skuldig onreëlmatig was ingevolge art 6 van Wet 51 van 1977 — Beskuldigde aan hoofklagte skuldig bevind nadat hy sy saak gesluit het sonder om te getuig — Of beskuldigde onder eed enige vermoedens geskep deur Wet 41 van 1971 moet weerlê wat by ontstentenis aan weerlegging skuldigbevinding G aan handeldryf kan meebring — Waar beskuldigde sy saak na pleitverduideliking sluit sonder om een of ander toepaslike vermoede te weerlê, is hof geregtig om hom summier skuldig te bevind aan misdryf vir bewys waarvan vermoede bedoel is — Alle relevante vermoedens het in onderhawige geval weggeval toe Staatsaanklaer hoofklag laat vaar het en H lis op daardie geskilpunt uit die weg geruim is — Verhoorhof het wanopvatting van toepaslikheid van art 6 van Wet 51 van 1977 gehad — Niks in beskuldigde se pleitverduideliking wat vreemd was of wat verhoorhof rede kon gee om te glo dat beskuldigde nie waarheid vertel het nie — Skuldigbevinding aan handel in dagga tersyde gestel en I vervang met een van besit van dagga.

Headnote : Kopnota

Die beskuldigde is in 'n landdroshof aangekla van 'n oortreding van art 2(a) van Wet 41 van 1971, naamlik handeldryf in dagga, en in die alternatief met besit van dagga. Hy het onskuldig aan handeldryf gepleit maar skuldig aan besit. Tydens die ondervraging in terme van art 115(2)(a) van die Strafproseswet 51 van 1977 het die beskuldigde besit J van die dagga erken maar ontken dat hy daarin wou handeldryf

1988 (1) SA p175

A en het ingestem dat sy erkennings in terme van art 220 van Wet 51 van 1977 aangeteken word en die Staatsaanklaer het sy pleit van skuldig aan besit van dagga aanvaar. (Die beskuldigde is gevind met die dagga langs hom by sy voete in 'n motorvoertuig.) Die landdros het egter gemeen dat die aanvaarding van die pleit van skuldig aan besit onreëlmatig was ingevolge art 6 van Wet 51 van 1977 en nadat beskuldigde sy saak gesluit het sonder om enige getuienis onder eed af te lê, is hy aan die hoofklagte van handeldryf skuldig bevind. Die vraag wat derhalwe op B hersiening ontstaan het, was of dit noodsaaklik was vir 'n beskuldigde, in omstandighede soos hierdie, om onder eed enige vermoedens te weerlê wat andersins moontlik teen hom kon werk en wat by ontstentenis van weerlegging skuldigbevinding aan handeldryf kon meebring.

Beslis, dat in die geval waar daar geen vermoedens deur die Wetgewer daargestel was nie, en waar 'n beskuldigde 'n verklaring (of pleitverduideliking) maak sonder om dit onder eed te herhaal, waaruit C dit blyk dat hy die ernstiger van twee klagtes ontken maar die minder ernstige alternatief erken, en daardie verduideliking (onbeëdig) redelik moontlik waar kan wees, en die Staatsaanklaer deur sy saak te sluit vir die hof 'n aanduiding gee dat hy nie meer pyle in sy koker het waarmee hy beskuldigde se relaas kan platskiet nie, dit verkeerd van die hof is om die beskuldigde summier aan die ernstiger misdaad skuldig te bevind sonder om sy verduideliking te oorweeg.

D Beslis, verder, dat die aanwesigheid van vermoedens wat teen 'n beskuldigde kan geld die posisie egter verander — in so 'n geval, as die beskuldigde sy saak sluit na pleitverduideliking en sonder om die een of die ander betrokke vermoede te weerlê, is die hof geregtig om hom summier skuldig te bevind aan die misdryf vir die bewys waarvan die vermoede bedoel is.

Beslis, verder, dat in die onderhawige geval daar drie moontlike vermoedens betrokke was: die een 'n vermoede van vervoer (art 10(1)(d) E van Wet 41 van 1971), die tweede 'n vermoede dat beskuldigde op 'n voertuig was waar dagga gevind was (art 10(1)(e) ) en derdens 'n vermoede van 'onmiddellike nabyheid' (art 10(3)), maar dat alle moontlike vermoedens weggeval het toe die aanklaer, na die pleitverduideliking gelewer is, die hoofklag laat vaar het — die deurslaggewende rede vir die verandering van die skuldigbevinding aan een van besit is dat die Staatsaanklaer, deur die pleit van onskuldig aan handeldryf te aanvaar, die lis op daardie geskilpunt uit die weg geruim het. Die aanvaarding F van 'n pleit van onskuldig aan 'n ernstige klag en die aanvaarding van 'n pleit van skuldig aan 'n minder ernstige klag is nòg 'n terugtrekking van die hoofklag ingevolge art 6(a) van Wet 51 van 1977 nòg 'n staking van die vervolging onder art 6(b), maar is egter 'n handeling sui generis deur die aanklaer, wat die omvang van die lis tussen Staat en beskuldigde beperk, in ooreenstemming met beskuldigde se pleit.

Beslis, derhalwe, dat die landdros 'n wanopvatting van die toepaslikheid van art 6 gehad het en dat beskuldigde skuldig bevind moes gewees het G aan besit en nie handeldryf in dagga nie — daar was niks in beskuldigde se pleitverduideliking wat vreemd klink of wat die verhoorhof rede kon gegee het om te glo dat die beskuldigde gelieg het nie. Die skuldigbevinding aan art 2(a) van Wet 41 van 1977 tersyde gestel en vervang met een van oortreding van art 2(b) van die Wet. H

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde

Criminal procedure — Trial — Plea — Plea of not guilty on main charge (dealing in dagga in contravention of s 2(a) of Act 41 of 1971) and guilty on alternative charge (possession of dagga in contravention of s 2(b) of Act 41 of 1971) — Accused's admission of possession of dagga recorded in terms of s 220 of Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 — Trial court of opinion that State's acceptance of plea of guilty an irregularity in terms of s 6 of Act 51 of 1977 — Accused convicted on I main charge after closing his case without testifying — Whether accused compelled to rebut, under oath, any presumptions created by Act 41 of 1971 which, in absence of rebuttal, could lead to conviction of dealing — Where accused closes his case after explanation of plea without rebutting some or other applicable presumption, court entitled summarily to convict him of offence for proof of which presumption was intended — All relevant presumptions had in instant case fallen away when prosecutor abandoned main charge and lis on that issue falling away — J Trial court

1988 (1) SA p176

A having misconception as regards applicability of s 6 of Act 51 of 1977 — Nothing contained in accused's explanation of plea which was strange or which could lead trial court to believe that accused not telling the truth — Conviction of dealing in dagga set aside and substituted with conviction of possession of dagga.

Headnote : Kopnota

The accused was charged in a magistrate's court with a contravention of B s 2(a) of Act 41 of 1971, viz dealing in dagga, and in the alternative with possession of dagga in contravention of s 2(b) of the Act. He pleaded not guilty to dealing but guilty to possession and during the questioning in terms of s 115(2)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, the accused admitted possession of the dagga but denied that he intended dealing in the substance and agreed that his admission be recorded in terms of s 220 of Act 51 of 1977. The prosecutor accepted C his plea of guilty to possession of dagga. (The accused was apprehended in a motor vehicle with the dagga next to his feet.) The magistrate was, however, of the opinion that the acceptance of the plea of guilty to possession was an irregularity in terms of s 6 of Act 51 of 1977 and, after the accused had closed his case without testifying under oath, he was convicted of the main charge of dealing. The question which therefore arose on review was whether it was essential for an accused in circumstances such as these to rebut, under oath, any presumptions which might otherwise operate against him and which, in the absence of rebuttal, lead to a conviction of dealing.

D Held, that where the Legislature had not created any presumptions, and where an accused made a statement (or explanation of plea) without repeating it under oath, from which it appeared that he denied the more serious of two charges but admitted the less serious alternative charge, and that explanation (unsworn) was reasonably possibly true, and the prosecutor by closing his case gave the court an indication that he had no more ammunition with which to attack the accused's version, it would be wrong for the court summarily to convict the accused of the more E serious offence without considering his explanation.

Held, further, that the presence of presumptions which could operate against an accused altered the position — in such a case if the accused should close his case after his explanation of plea without rebutting some or other applicable presumption, the court would be entitled summarily to convict him of the offence for the proof whereof the presumption was intended.

F Held, further, that in the instant case there were three possible presumptions involved: firstly, a presumption of conveyance (s 10(1)(d) of Act 41 of 1971), secondly, a presumption that the accused was in a vehicle where dagga was found (s 10(1)(e) ), and, thirdly, a presumption of 'immediate vicinity' (s 10(3)), but that all possible presumptions had fallen away when the prosecutor, after the explanation of plea had been given, abandoned the main charge — the crucial reason for the amendment of the conviction to one of possession was that the prosecutor, by accepting the plea of not guilty in dealing, had cleared G away...

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8 practice notes
  • S v Laubscher
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...waarvan geweld teen 'n persoon 'n element is nie en ten opsigte waarvan gevangenisstraf sonder J die keuse van 'n boete opgelê word. 1988 (1) SA p174 Joubert (ii) A Op aanklagte 2, 3 en 4 elk een jaar gevangenisstraf wat saamloop met die vonnis op aanklag 1. Botha AR en Nestadt AR het saamg......
  • S v Nyanga
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    ...(O): dictum at 102 h applied S v Gwenya 1995 (2) SACR 522 (E): C referred to S v Hendricks 1995 (2) SACR 177 (A): applied S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C): referred S v Jacobs 1978 (1) SA 1176 (C): referred to S v Lebokeng en 'n Ander 1978 (2) SA 674 (O): referred to S v Mathe 1981 (3) SA 66......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Witwatersrand Local Division
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
8 cases
  • S v Laubscher
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...waarvan geweld teen 'n persoon 'n element is nie en ten opsigte waarvan gevangenisstraf sonder J die keuse van 'n boete opgelê word. 1988 (1) SA p174 Joubert (ii) A Op aanklagte 2, 3 en 4 elk een jaar gevangenisstraf wat saamloop met die vonnis op aanklag 1. Botha AR en Nestadt AR het saamg......
  • S v Nyanga
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...(O): dictum at 102 h applied S v Gwenya 1995 (2) SACR 522 (E): C referred to S v Hendricks 1995 (2) SACR 177 (A): applied S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C): referred S v Jacobs 1978 (1) SA 1176 (C): referred to S v Lebokeng en 'n Ander 1978 (2) SA 674 (O): referred to S v Mathe 1981 (3) SA 66......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Witwatersrand Local Division
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
8 provisions
  • S v Laubscher
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...waarvan geweld teen 'n persoon 'n element is nie en ten opsigte waarvan gevangenisstraf sonder J die keuse van 'n boete opgelê word. 1988 (1) SA p174 Joubert (ii) A Op aanklagte 2, 3 en 4 elk een jaar gevangenisstraf wat saamloop met die vonnis op aanklag 1. Botha AR en Nestadt AR het saamg......
  • S v Nyanga
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...(O): dictum at 102 h applied S v Gwenya 1995 (2) SACR 522 (E): C referred to S v Hendricks 1995 (2) SACR 177 (A): applied S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C): referred S v Jacobs 1978 (1) SA 1176 (C): referred to S v Lebokeng en 'n Ander 1978 (2) SA 674 (O): referred to S v Mathe 1981 (3) SA 66......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • S v Toubie
    • South Africa
    • Witwatersrand Local Division
    • Invalid date
    ...v Mothlaping en 'n Ander 1988 (3) SA 757 (NC) on the one hand against the decisions of S v Mogoregi 1978 (3) SA 13 (O) and S v Hlokulu 1988 (1) SA 174 (C). D In the circumstances, and more particularly in view of the aforesaid conflicting views, the question arises whether the trial Court w......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

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