S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander

JurisdictionSouth Africa

S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander
1985 (3) SA 79 (T)

1985 (3) SA p79


Citation

1985 (3) SA 79 (T)

Court

Transvaalse Provinsiale Afdeling

Judge

Flemming R en Stafford Wn R

Heard

March 29, 1984

Judgment

August 17, 1984

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde H

Vervoerder — Padvervoer — Magtiging kragtens openbare padvervoerpermit om "bona fide household and office removals (including personal effects)" en ook om "soft goods such as upholstering materials, carpets, floor mats, curtains, cushions I and other soft furnishings..." te vervoer — Beide kategorieë sluit nie groot vrag kartonne van toiletpapier vanaf 'n fabriek in nie — Artikel 31 (1) (b) van Wet 74 van 1977 oortree.

Strafproses — Getuienis — Bewyslas — Bewyslas op Staat — Aard van bespreek — Weerlegging van Staatsaak deur beskuldigde — Hoeveel en hoe sterk beskuldigde se J weerleggende oorwegings moet wees, hang

1985 (3) SA p80

A van die sterkte van die Staat se saak af — Mag helderheid bevorder om te sê dat 'n beskuldigde 'n weerleggingsnoodsaak ondervind eerder as dat hy 'n weerleggingslas dra — Hof het nie nodig om te spekuleer omtrent onskuldige moontlikhede wat nòg deur die feite wat reeds blyk nòg deur die getuienis wat B afgelê word gesuggereer word as moontlikhede waarmee rederlikerwys rekening gehou moet word nie.

Headnote : Kopnota

Die Hof het, in 'n appèl teen appellante se skuldigbevindings aan twee klagtes van oortreding van art 31 (1) (b) van die Wet op Padvervoer 74 van 1977, deurdat hulle teenstrydig met 'n openbare padvervoerpermit groot vragte kartonne toiletpapier C vanaf 'n fabriek vervoer het, die voormelde permit wat die appellante gemagtig het om "bona fide household and office removals (including personal effects)" en ook om "soft goods such as upholstering materials, carpets, floor mats, curtains, cushions and other soft furnishings..." te vervoer, uitgelê om te beteken dat die vervoer van die gemelde vragte toiletpapier nie deur die permit gemagtig was nie en dat art 31 (1) (b) oortree was.

D Die Hof het die volgende opmerkings gemaak in verband met die bewyslas wat op die Staat in 'n strafsaak rus en oor die weerlegging van die Staat se saak deur die beskuldigde: Oortuiging bo redelike twyfel is die krag wat die Staat moet uitoefen voordat hy daarin slaag om die muur van skuld op die beskuldigde te laat intuimel; dit is onnodig vir die beskuldigde om enige deel van die muur na die Staat se kant om E te stoot. 'n Beskuldigde sal gevolglik vry uitgaan as die Staat se saak nie sterk genoeg is nie en dit sou daarom volgens beginsels soms voldoende wees dat die beskuldigde hoegenaamd niks doen nie en soms dat hy daarmee volstaan om swakhede in die Staat se saak aan die kaak te stel (deur bv kruisverhoor wat 'n getuie se onbetroubaarheid laat blyk) of uit te wys. Namate die Staat 'n sterker saak voorlê, is die praktiese uitwerking dat sulke beperkte optrede onvoldoende sal blyk en dat aktiewe weerlegging van die Staat se saak prakties nodig is F om die krag wat die Staat uitoefen, teen te werk. Selfs dan is daar geen bewyslas op die beskuldigde nie. (Omdat verwarring steeds voorkom, mag dit helderheid bevorder om te sê dat 'n beskuldigde 'n weerleggingsnoodsaak ondervind eerder as dat hy 'n weerleggingslas dra.) Hoeveel en hoe sterk die beskuldigde se weerleggende oorwegings moet wees om te verhoed dat die Staat 'n oortuigende saak het, hang dan uiteraard van die G sterkte van die Staat se saak af. Die beskuldigde hoef niks meer te doen nie as om te veroorsaak dat wanneer die hof sy beslissing vel, 'n redelike twyfel omtrent die beskuldigde se skuld aanwesig is.

By die oorweging van die beskuldigde se weerlegging van die Staat se saak, het 'n hof nie nodig om te spekuleer omtrent onskuldige moontlikhede wat nòg deur die feite wat reeds blyk H nòg deur die getuienis wat afgelê word gesuggereer word as moontlikhede waarmee redelikerwys rekening gehou moet word nie; en daarmee dat 'n beskuldigde wat glad nie getuienis op 'n bepaalde punt aflê nie (en soms ook as hy leuenagtig is daaromtrent) nie volgens die gewone werking van die proses van oortuiging of om 'n ander rede kan verg dat die mees begunstigende moontlikheid waaraan maar gedink kan word, gevolg moet word in teenstelling met daardie moontlikheid wat volgens I die aanvaarbare getuienis sonder redelike twyfel die aangewese moontlikheid blyk te wees nie.

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde

Carrier — Road transportation — Public road carrier permit authorising transportation of "bona fide household and office removals (including personal effects)" and also "soft goods such as upholstering materials, carpets, floor mats, curtains, cushions and other soft furnishings..." — Both categories not including a large load of cartons of toilet J paper from a factory — Section 31 (1) (b) of Act 74 of 1977 contravened.

1985 (3) SA p81

Criminal procedure — Evidence — Burden of proof — Onus A on State — Nature of discussed — Rebuttal of State case by accused — Quantity and strength of rebutting considerations by accused depends on the strength of the State case — Would promote clarity to say that an accused experiences a necessity of rebuttal rather than that he bears a burden to rebut — Not necessary for court to speculate on innocent possibilities which are suggested by neither the facts already appearing nor the evidence being tendered as being possibilities which should reasonably be taken into account. B

Headnote : Kopnota

The Court, in an appeal against the appellants' convictions on two counts of contravening s 31 (1) (b) of the Road Transportation Act 74 of 1977, in that they had, contrary to a public road transportation permit, transported large loads of cartons of toilet paper from a factory, interpreted the aforementioned permit, which authorised the appellants to C undertake "bona fide household and office removals (including personal effects)" and also to transport "soft goods such as upholstering materials, carpets, floor mats, curtains, cushions and other soft furnishings...", to mean that the transportation of the aforementioned loads of toilet paper was not authorised by the permit and that s 31 (1) (b) had been contravened."

The Court made the following remarks concerning the burden of D proof resting on the State in a criminal case and the rebuttal of the State case by the accused: Conviction beyond reasonable doubt is what the State must achieve before it succeeds in making "the wall of guilt fall on the accused"; it is unnecessary for the accused to push any part of that wall over onto the side of the State. An accused will accordingly be discharged if the State's case is not strong enough and, E according to principle, it will sometimes be sufficient if the accused does nothing at all and sometimes it will be sufficient if he relies on pointing out the weaknesses in the State case (by, eg, cross-examination which exposes the unreliability of a witness). The practical effect of the State producing a stronger case might well be that such limited counters to the State case might transpire to be insufficient and that active rebuttal of the State case is necessary to counter the strength F of that case. Even then there is no onus of proof on the accused. (As there still appears to be confusion, it might promote clarity to say that an accused experiences a necessity of rebuttal rather than he bears a burden of rebuttal.) The quantity and strength of the rebutting considerations required by the accused to prevent the State producing a convincing case depends, in the nature of things, on the strength of the State case. The accused has to do nothing more than to cause the court, when reaching its decision, to have a reasonable doubt G concerning the guilt of the accused.

In considering the rebuttal of the State case by the accused, it is not necessary for a court to speculate concerning innocent possibilities which are suggested neither by the facts already appearing nor by the evidence being tendered as possibilities which reasonably have to be taken into account; and an accused who has given no evidence whatever on a H particular point (and sometimes also if he lies about it) cannot, according to the usual functioning of the process of persuasion or for some other reason, require that the most favourable possibility which can be thought of should be followed rather than that possibility which according to the acceptable evidence appears beyond reasonable doubt to be the most obvious possibility. I

Case Information

Appèl teen skuldigbevindings in 'n landdroshof. Die feite blyk uit die uitspraak.

A B de Wet namens die appellante.

Mej A de Jager namens die Staat.

Cur adv vult. J

1985 (3) SA p82

Postea (Augustus 17). A

Judgment

Flemming R:

Blykens die klagstaat het die Staat aangevoer dat drie persone op elk van twee klagtes van oortreding van art 31 (1) (b) van die Wet op Padvervoer 74 van 1977, skuldig bevind B moes word. Die eerste beskuldigde was telkens die maatskappy wat handeldryf as Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd, verteenwoordig deur 'n direkteur, wat telkens omdat hy 'n direkteur is, as tweede beskuldigde gefigureer het. By beide klagtes was die onderskeie bestuurders van die voertuie die derde beskuldigde, maar die klagtes teen hierdie beskuldigdes is by die aanvang van die verhoor teruggetrek. Op beide klagtes C is beskuldigde 1 en beskuldigde 2 te Warmbad skuldig bevind. Appèl is slegs teen die skuldigbevindings aangeteken.

Vir beoordeling van die appèl kan die twee klagtes saam gehanteer word. Volgens beide aanklagte is kartonne toiletpapier vervoer (onderskeidelik 534 en 673 kartonne). Dit D is formeel erken dat daardie vrag binne die grense van die Warmbad landdrosdistrik vervoer is op die voertuie en op die datums soos deur die Staat beweer. Dit is ook erken dat die twee voertuie deur magtigings OP 178603 en OP 173514 gedek...

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15 practice notes
  • S v Smith
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ... ... 74 van 1977 art 31 (1) (a) , (b) ; S v Delport Overland Services (Pty) Ltd and Another  1975 (2) SA 286 (T); S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd and ... Wette 5de uitg op 153 - 4; S v Agsaam Beleggings (Edms) Bpk en 'n Ander  1985 (4) SA 423 (O); S v Ndlovu  1986 (1) SA 579 (T); S  J  v ... ...
  • S v Longdistance (Natal) (Pty) Ltd and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...of sugar was lawful, see S v Reids Transport (Pty) Ltd and Another 1982 (4) SA 197 (E); S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T). As to whether J © Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd 280 S v LONGDISTANCE (NATAL) (PTY) LTD AND OTHERS NICHOLAS AJA 1990 (2) SA 277 AD A the appellants......
  • Scagell and Others v Attorney-General, Western Cape, and Others *
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...and Another 1946 AD 946 R v Abel 1948 (1) SA 654 (A) R v Haffejee and Another 1945 AD 345 E S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T) S v Arenstein 1964 (1) SA 361 (A) S v Bhulwana; S v Gwadiso 1996 (1) SA 388 (CC) (1995 (2) SACR 748; 1995 (12) BCLR 1579) S v De Blom 1977 (......
  • S v Phika
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ... ... S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T): referred to  E  ... ...
  • Request a trial to view additional results
15 cases
  • S v Smith
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ... ... 74 van 1977 art 31 (1) (a) , (b) ; S v Delport Overland Services (Pty) Ltd and Another  1975 (2) SA 286 (T); S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd and ... Wette 5de uitg op 153 - 4; S v Agsaam Beleggings (Edms) Bpk en 'n Ander  1985 (4) SA 423 (O); S v Ndlovu  1986 (1) SA 579 (T); S  J  v ... ...
  • S v Longdistance (Natal) (Pty) Ltd and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...of sugar was lawful, see S v Reids Transport (Pty) Ltd and Another 1982 (4) SA 197 (E); S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T). As to whether J © Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd 280 S v LONGDISTANCE (NATAL) (PTY) LTD AND OTHERS NICHOLAS AJA 1990 (2) SA 277 AD A the appellants......
  • Scagell and Others v Attorney-General, Western Cape, and Others *
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...and Another 1946 AD 946 R v Abel 1948 (1) SA 654 (A) R v Haffejee and Another 1945 AD 345 E S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T) S v Arenstein 1964 (1) SA 361 (A) S v Bhulwana; S v Gwadiso 1996 (1) SA 388 (CC) (1995 (2) SACR 748; 1995 (12) BCLR 1579) S v De Blom 1977 (......
  • S v Phika
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ... ... S v Alex Carriers (Pty) Ltd en 'n Ander 1985 (3) SA 79 (T): referred to  E  ... ...
  • Request a trial to view additional results

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