Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Insolvent Estate Botha t/a 'Trio Kulture'

JurisdictionSouth Africa
JudgeHoexter JA, Nestadt JA, Milne JA, Nicholas AJA and Friedman AJA
Judgment Date26 February 1990
Citation1990 (2) SA 548 (A)
Hearing Date16 November 1989
CourtAppellate Division

Hoexter JA:

From an office in the Transvaal town of Brits as well as from agency offices within the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging area one J P Botha ('the insolvent') carried on business from the end of July E 1984 to the beginning of October 1984. During this short period the business generated a turnover in excess of 30 million rand. On 15 January 1985 the estate of the insolvent was finally sequestrated.

The insolvent carried on his business under the name of 'Trio Kulture'. He operated a milk-culture scheme which involved the F recruitment, from members of the public, of growers of milk-culture. Each grower ('kweker') entered into a written agreement with Trio Kulture. In what follows I shall refer to this written agreement as the 'kweekkontrak'. The 'kweekkontrak' was embodied in a printed form which was signed by both parties. Appended to this judgment as annexure 'A' is G a copy of a specimen 'kweekkontrak'.

In respect of the Trio Kulture business enterprise the insolvent was not registered as a vendor in terms of s 12 of the Sales Tax Act 103 of 1978 ('the Act'). On 10 January 1986, and in terms of the Act, the appellant in this appeal ('the Commissioner') issued an assessment notice addressed to the trustee in the insolvent's estate ('the H respondent'). The assessment was in respect of 'occasional sales' transacted by Trio Kulture during the period August/October 1984. The assessment reflected the said sales as having a taxable value of R30 587 534. This figure represented an estimation by the Commissioner of the turnover of Trio Kulture for the period August/October 1984.

I An objection by the respondent against the aforesaid assessment was disallowed by the Commissioner, whereupon the respondent in terms of s 22 of the Act appealed to the Income Tax Special Court for the Transvaal against the decision of the Commissioner. The parties put before the Special Court a written statement embodying the agreed facts of the J case. It was common cause that

Hoexter JA

A '... die aanslae soos deur die Kommissaris uitgereik korrek en verskuldig is indien AVB regtens betaalbaar is, dit wil sê, indien die appèl van die hand gewys sou word'.

The Special Court concluded that the transactions reflected in the agreed facts were not 'sales' within the meaning of the Act and that, in consequence, they did not attract sales tax. The Special Court B accordingly upheld the appeal and referred the assessment back to the Commissioner for revision in terms of its judgment. Pursuant to an order made by the President of the Special Court in terms of s 86A(5) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, the Commissioner appeals to this Court against the decision of the Special Court.

C The pith of the agreed facts submitted to the Special Court are thus conveniently summarised by the President of the Special Court (Kriegler J):

'Die geskil ontstaan naamlik uit 'n vrotmelkskema wat onder die naam Trio Kulture oor 'n tydperk van sowat twee-en-'n-half maande vanaf Julie tot Oktober 1984 hoofsaaklik in die Transvaal bedryf is. Die skema het D dermate gefloreer dat daar binne daardie kort tydsbestek tientalle miljoene rande geïn is van diverse lede van die publiek. Die skema het in sy wese daarin bestaan dat Trio Kulture aan lede van die publiek 'n poeier verkoop het die wese waarvan gedroogde vrot melk was. Vir 'n besending van die poeier, hoogdrawend 'n "aktiveerder" genoem, het die koper, 'n "kweker" genoem, R750 betaal. Hy sou dan 25 pakkies aktiveerder daarvoor kry. Trio Kulture het 'n ooreenkoms opgestel E waarluidens die kweker geregtig sou wees om gekweekte kultuur wat hy by sy huis dan sal groei met die gebruik van die oorspronklike poeier en glase melk aan Trio Kulture terug te verkoop teen R10 per kultuur. Die ooreenkoms het ook daarvoor voorsiening gemaak dat Trio Kulture oor 'n termyn van 'n jaar elke maand 'n honderd aldus gekweekte kulture terug sou ontvang waarvoor daar dan R10 elk betaal sou word. Dit beteken dan F dat 'n kweker aan die einde van die eerste maand sy honderd kulture terug lewer waarvoor hy dan R1000 kry. As die kontrak sy termyn vol loop, dan sal hy vir sy aanvanklike belegging van R750 in die daaropvolgende jaar R12000 kan in.

Dit is nie verbasend nie dat die seepbel binne enkele maande gebars het. Die skema was in sy wese net so verrot soos die melk wat hy gebruik het. Dit verg nie die wysheid van nasig om te kan sien dat die skema G nooit ooit lewensvatbaar was nie. Ten eerste was die produk waarom dit gegaan het, waardeloos. Dit was niks anders as gedroogde vrot melk nie. Daar is in die ooreengekome feitestel opgeteken dat daar by tye deur Trio Kulture teenoor die publiek hoog opgegee is as sou die produk verwerk word in 'n gesigroom.... Feit van die saak is dat die produk waardeloos was. Ten tweede, al kon daar geglo word deur die hoogs liggelowige dat vrot melk tog een of ander markwaarde het, is dit H nouliks denkbaar dat daar mense rondloop wat so liggelowig is dat hulle glo dat sulke winste met so min moeite en so min vaardigheid of kennis verwerf kan word. Ten derde, blyk dit uit die ooreengekome feite dat Trio Kulture uit die staanspoor nooit enige bedoeling gehad het om selfs die skyn van 'n besigheid voor te hou nie. Daar is nie boek gehou nie. Daar is op 'n lukrake manier met die geld gewerk. Groot bedrae kontant het verdwyn en dit blyk asof die organiserende brein agter Trio Kulture I uit die staanspoor geweet het, soos hy trouens moes geweet het, dat die musiek baie gou sou ophou speel. Daar is dus uit die staanspoor geraap en geskraap om die kontant wat ingevloei het, so gou as moontlik te laat verdwyn. Die skema was nooit lewensvatbaar nie.'

In the Special Court it was submitted on behalf of the respondent that the Trio Kulture scheme constituted a lottery within the meaning of s 1 J of

Hoexter JA

A the Gambling Act 51 of 1965 ('the Gambling Act') and that the transactions in terms whereof members of the public bought milk-culture from Trio Kulture were void ab initio. Having regard to the agreed facts, and in the light of decisions such as R v Lew Hoi and Others 1937 AD 215; R v Gondo 1951 (3) SA 509 (A); and Yannakou v Apollo Club 1974 (1) SA 614 (A), B the Court a quo examined the submission so advanced on behalf of the respondent, and it concluded that the scheme was in fact a lottery hit by the prohibition contained in s 2 of the Gambling Act. In this connection the President, in the course of his judgment, observed:

'Ons het hier te make gehad met 'n skema wat geen kommersiële substratum anders dan as 'n lotery kon gehad het nie....

Die bedrae wat ek reeds vroeër genoem het, dui daarop dat Trio Kulture C op iedere transaksie reeds aan die einde van die eerste maand R250 slegter af sou wees as dit werklik 'n koop en verkoop was wat hier plaasgevind het. Die skema was, na my mening, niks anders as 'n redelik behendig vermomde lotery nie. Hy het sy bestaan daarin gehad dat die organiseerder van Trio Kulture so gou moontlik van soveel moontlik lede D van die publiek soveel geld moes in. Die tweede element daarin sou wees dat die aanvanklike kwekers heel moontlik op die kort termyn sou baat daarby, maar binne 'n betreklike kort tyd moes die hele kaartehuis in duie stort en sou enige latere kwekers wat hulle R750 per battery aktiveerder betaal het, bedroë daarvan moes afkom. Dit was, om beeldspraak te gebruik, 'n mallemeule wat al hoe vinniger moes draai en diegene wat betyds opgeklim het, sou miskien 'n rukkie lank genot E daaruit kon put, maar die latere opklimmers sou deur die middelpuntvliedende ekonomiese kragte van die skema afgesmyt word.'

And again:

''n Mens moet aan die hand van die voorbeeld wat Schreiner AR in Gondo se saak gegee het, terugstaan en objektief kyk na die skema en volgens so 'n objektiewe betragting is dit duidelik dat wat hier gebeur het, die F riskering van die R750 was wat met 'n wins verhaal kon word afhangende van die toevalligheid van hoe vroeg dit betaal is. Dit was 'n willekeurige geluk wat die kweker kon tref as hy betyds op die mallemeule geklim het. Die skema was in sy wese dan nooit iets anders as 'n lotery binne die bedoeling van die omskrywing in Wet 51 van 1965 nie.'

G The Special Court proceeded next to consider whether, despite the fact that the 'sales' concluded between Trio Kulture and the growers recruited to the scheme were void ab initio, sales tax might not nevertheless be payable thereon in terms of the Act. Pointing out that the definition in the Act of 'goods' as 'corporeal movable things' would embrace the 'vrot poeier' or activator delivered by Trio Kulture to the H growers, the Court then embarked upon the further inquiry whether the transactions in question amounted to 'sales' within the meaning of the Act. In the concluding portion of his judgment the learned President reasoned thus:

'Meer spesifiek dan is die vraag dan of die omskrwying van "verkoop" in art 1 van Wet 103 van 1978 die begrip so wyd rek dat dit hierdie I andersins nietige transaksies betrek. Daardie omskrywing lui so: "Verkoop (beteken) met betrekking tot goed, 'n ooreenkoms ingevolge waarvan 'n party daarby ooreenkom om goed aan 'n ander te verkoop...." Die omskrwying loop baie breër, maar daar is niks in die res van die omskrywing wat na my mening ter sake is by die uitpluis van die huidige vraag nie. Daar is bepaald niks in die res van daardie omskrwying wat 'n J andersins nietige beding weer asem inblaas op een of ander

Hoexter JA

A statutêre fiksie nie. Ons is aangewese dan, enkel en alleen op die omskrywing tot die mate wat ek dit reeds aangehaal het en waaruit dit blyk dat die sleutelbegrip tog maar verkoop in sy gewone sin is.

Die bevinding wat ek reeds gemaak het, kom daarop neer dat hier geen koop en verkoop in die gewone sin van die woord was nie. Aangesien die wetteregtelike omskrywing nie daardie begrip uitbrei nie, bly die B resultaat dan dat daar...

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    ...equitable.240 Macey & Miller (1992) Vand L Rev 666.241 Commis sioner for Inland Reve nue v Insolvent Esta te Botha t/a ‘Trio Kulture’ 1990 2 SA 548 (A) 558.242 Du Plessis Re-interpret ation of Statutes 191.PRESUMPTIONS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 577© Juta and Company (Pty) that this presum......
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    ...to the following authorities: R v Lew Hoi and Others 1937 AD 215 at 220; Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Insolvent Estate Botha 1990 (2) SA 548 (A) at 554E-J, 564C-D; R v Gondo 1951 (3) SA 509 at 513F; S v Midas Novelties (Pty) Ltd and Another 1966 (1) SA 492 (A) at 499A-D; R v I Morrison......
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