Thompson v Voges

JurisdictionSouth Africa
Citation1988 (1) SA 691 (A)

Thompson v Voges
1988 (1) SA 691 (A)

1988 (1) SA p691


Citation

1988 (1) SA 691 (A)

Court

Appèlafdeling

Judge

Rabie Wn HR, Joubert AR, Hoexter AR, Nestadt AR en Boshoff Wn AR

Heard

May 19, 1987

Judgment

September 14, 1987

Flynote: Sleutelwoorde

B Estoppel — Deur gedrag — Vereiste dat misleide party tot sy nadeel moes gehandel het — Appellant het blanko tjek aan D gegee om skape namens hom te koop vir bedrag van hoogstens R80 — D het tjek voltooi vir bedrag van R25 000 en aan respondent gegee ter betaling van beeste C wat hy (D) van respondent gekoop het — Appellant, toe hy deur respondent vir betaling van R25 000 aangespreek is, het verweer geopper dat D sy magtiging oorskry het — Respondent se betoog, dat appellant as gevolg van estoppel belet word om hom op oorskryding van magtiging te beroep, deur Hof a quo gehandhaaf en appellant gelas tot betaling van D R25 000 — Hof, op appèl teen hierdie beslissing, bevind dat daar in situasie soos onderhawige geen outomatiese estoppel ontstaan waarvoor vereistes wat normaalweg vir estoppel gestel word, nie geld nie — Hof bevind verder dat appellant se tjek aan respondent oorhandig is meer as 'n maand na verkoop van beeste aan D en dat respondent nie beeste as E geldswaardige teenprestasie vir tjek afgegee het nie — Tjek het geen rol by verkoop en lewering van beeste aan D gespeel nie — Respondent het dus nie tot sy nadeel gehandel nie — Respondent het R13 700 aan J oorbetaal as sy aandeel, as mede-eienaar van beeste, in opbrengs van verkoop daarvan en het in alternatief beweer dat sy nadeel daarin geleë F was — Bevind dat respondent se betaling aan J die vereffening van 'n skuld was wat hy teenoor J gehad het — Respondent het nie bewys dat betaling van die skuld as nadeel, wat sy beroep op estoppel kon regverdig, beskou moes word nie — Appèl gehandhaaf — Quaere: Verhoorhof het bevind dat respondent se nadeel geleë is in feit dat hy G R13 700 aan J betaal het, maar het

1988 (1) SA p692

A appellant nogtans gelas om volle bedrag van tjek te betaal (R25 000) — Of respondent geregtig was op vonnis vir veel groter bedrag as sy skade — Hierdie nie 'n eenvoudige vraag nie en het nog nie pertinent in ons reg ter sprake gekom nie.

Headnote: Kopnota

In 'n geval waar 'n trekker van tjek daardie tjek in blanko onderteken B en aan 'n ander persoon gee om dit te voltooi en as tjek te gebruik, en laasgenoende 'n groter bedrag daarop invul as waartoe hy gemagtig is, is daar geen sprake van die ontstaan van 'n 'outomatiese aanspreeklikheid' of 'outomatiese estoppel' waarvoor die vereistes wat normaalweg vir estoppel gestel word, nie geld nie, wat meebring dat die trekker nie kan beweer dat hy nie vir die volle bedrag van die tjek aanspreeklik is nie. C Die trekker kan wel die verweer opper dat die persoon aan wie hy die tjek gegee het sy volmag oorskry het, maar so 'n verweer kan, afhangende van die feite van die geval, deur 'n beroep op estoppel verydel word. Met estoppel in hierdie verband word bedoel estoppel soos dit normaalweg in ons reg geld en wat voldoen aan al die vereistes wat normaalweg vir 'n beroep op estoppel gestel word.

Die appellant het gedurende 1981 'n tjekvorm onderteken en gekruis en aan D oorhandig om die ander besonderhede in te vul en dan die voltooide tjek te gebruik om vir twee slagskape te betaal wat D vir die appellant D sou koop. Die bedrag wat D op die tjek kon invul moes nie R80 oorskry het nie, maar D het die appellant bedrieg en 'n bedrag van R25 000 op dit tjek ingevul en het die tjek toe aan die respondent gegee ter betaling van beeste wat hy (D) 'n tyd tevore van die respondent gekoop het. Die appellant het betaling van die tjek gestop. Die respondent het daarna die appellant in 'n Plaaslike Afdeling op die tjek vir betaling van R25 000 aangespreek. Die appellant se verweer was dat D sy magtiging oorskry het, maar die Hof a quo het die respondent se betoog, dat E appellant as gevolg van estoppel belet was om hom op daardie verweer te beroep, gehandhaaf en appellant gelas om R25 000 aan respondent te betaal. Op appèl teen hierdie beslissing, het die Hof die feite ontleed en bevind dat eiendomsreg op die beeste wat respondent aan D verkoop het, op die dag van die verkoping, toe D lewering daarvan geneem het, op D oorgegaan het en dat respondent aanvaar het dat D die eienaar van die beeste geword het en dat hy daaroor kon beskik soos hy wou. Appellant se tjek was eers meer as 'n maand nadat respondent die beeste aan D verkoop F en gelewer het, deur D aan respondent gegee.

Beslis, dat daar derhalwe geen sprake kon wees daarvan dat respondent tot sy nadeel gehandel het deurdat hy die beeste as geldswaardige teenprestasie vir die tjek afgegee het nie: die tjek het geen rol by die verkoop en lewering van die beeste aan D gespeel nie, en respondent het dus geen nadeel gely soos hy beweer het nie.

Beslis, verder, ten opsigte van respondent se alternatiewe bewering dat G hy nadeel gely het deurdat hy 'n bedrag van R13 700 aan ene J, die mede-eienaar van die beeste wat aan D verkoop is, oorbetaal het as sy aandeel in die opbrengs van die verkoop van die beeste, dat dit nie bewys is dat die bedrag wat respondent aan J betaal het 'n nadeel was wat respondent se beroep op estoppel kon regverdig nie: toe respondent die bedrag aan J betaal het, het hy 'n skuld betaal wat hy teenoor J gehad het en hy het nie bewys waarom die betaling van die skuld as 'n nadeel beskou moes word nie. Appèl gehandhaaf. H

Quaere: Die Verhoorhof het bevind dat die nadeel wat respondent gely het, voortspruit uit die feit dat hy 'n bedrag van R13 700 aan J betaal het, dat dit sy beroep op estoppel regverdig en dat appellant gevolglik vir die volle bedrag van die tjek, nl R25 000, aanspreeklik is. Die Verhoorhof het nie die vraag oorweeg of, indien respondent se nadeel net R13 700 beloop, hy nogtans op vonnis vir 'n veel groter bedrag as sy skade, nl R25 000, geregtig was nie. Dit is nie 'n eenvoudige vraag nie en daar blyk geen gewysdes in ons reg te wees waarin so 'n vraag I pertinent ter sprake gekom het nie.

Flynote: Sleutelwoorde

Estoppel — By conduct — Requirement that misled party acted to his prejudice — Appellant giving D a blank cheque to purchase sheep on his behalf for a maximum amount of R80 — D completing cheque for amount of J R25 000 and handing it to respondent in

1988 (1) SA p693

A payment for cattle which he (D) had purchased from respondent — Appellant, when sued by respondent for payment of R25 000, raising defence that D had exceeded his authority — Court a quo upholding respondent's contention that appellant precluded, by virtue of estoppel, from raising such defence and appellant ordered to pay respondent R25000 — Court, on appeal against this decision, finding that in situation such as this there was no question of an 'automatic estoppel' arising to which normal requirements laid down for estoppel not B applicable — Court finding further that appellant's cheque handed to respondent more than a month after sale of cattle to D and that respondent had not delivered cattle as valuable consideration for cheque — Cheque had played no role in sale and delivery of cattle to D — Respondent therefore not acting to his prejudice — Respondent contending in alternative that he had been prejudiced in that he had paid R13 700 to one J, being the latter's share, as co-owner of cattle, in proceeds of sale — Court finding on appeal that respondent's payment C to J constituting settlement of a debt — Respondent not proving that payment of debt to be considered as prejudice which could justify his reliance on estoppel — Appeal allowed — Quaere: Trial Court finding that respondent suffering damages as result of his payment of R13 700 to J, but nevertheless ordering appellant to pay full amount of cheque (R25000) — Whether respondent entitled to judgment for amount considerably more than his damages — This question not an easy one and D has never pertinently arisen in our law.

Headnote: Kopnota

In a situation where the drawer of a cheque signs that cheque in blank and hands it to another person to complete it and use it as a cheque, and the latter completes the cheque for an amount greater than that for which he was authorised, there is no question of an 'automatic liability' or 'automatic estoppel' arising to which the requirements E normally laid down for estoppel do not apply and which results in the drawer being unable to allege that he is not liable for the full amount of the cheque. The drawer is entitled to raise the defence that the person to whom he gave the cheque exceeded his authority, but, depending on the circumstances, such a defence can be defeated by a reliance on estoppel. Estoppel in this context refers to estoppel as it normally operates in our law and which complies with all the requirements normally laid down for its applicability. F

During 1981 the appellant had signed and crossed a cheque which he then handed to D to complete the other particulars and to use such cheque to purchase two sheep on his behalf. The amount which D was authorised to fill in on the cheque was a maximum of R80, but D fraudulently filled in an amount of R25 000 and handed the cheque to the respondent in payment for cattle which D had purchased from him previously. The appellant G stopped payment of the cheque. The respondent thereafter sued the appellant in a Local Division on the cheque for payment of R25 000. The appellant's defence was that D had exceeded his authority but the Court a quo upheld the respondent's contention that the appellant was precluded, by virtue of estoppel, from relying on such a defence and ordered the appellant to pay the respondent R25 000. On appeal against this decision, the Court analysed the facts and found that ownership in H the cattle which D had purchased from the respondent had passed on the day of the...

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7 practice notes
  • B & B Hardware Distributors (Pty) Ltd v Administrator, Cape, and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the following authorities: Oakland Nominees Ltd v Gelria Mining and Investment Co Ltd C 1976 (1) SA 441 (A) at 452; Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) at 709H; United Cape Fisheries (Pty) Ltd v Silberman 1951 (2) SA 612 (T); Electrolux (Pty) Ltd v Khota and Another 1961 (4) SA 244 (W); Ak......
  • Bypassing unions during collective bargaining and the right to freedom of expression
    • South Africa
    • South Africa Mercantile Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • 20 August 2019
    ...environment.Benjamin et al (eds), Strikes, Lock-outs & Arbitration in South African Law (Juta 1989) 41–52.See, also, Thompson v Voges (1988) 1 SA 691 (A) 711; Knox D’Arcy Ltd v Jamieson & others1996 (4) SA 348 (A); and Atkin v Botes 2011 (6) 231 (SCA).(2017) 29 SA MERC LJ94© Juta and Compan......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...1924 TPD 245 Saambou-Nasionale Bouvereniging v Friedman 1979 (3) SA 978 (A) Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullmann Bros & Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Viljoen v SIK Investment Corporation (Pty) Ltd 1969 (3) SA 582 (T). Case Information Appeal fro......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...484 (A) Standard Bank v Sweet 1924 OPD 30 J Talbot v Von Boris [1911] 1 KB 854 Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullman Bros and Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Cur adv vult. Postea (May 28). E Judgment Van Heerden JA: This matter arises from judgments......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
6 cases
  • B & B Hardware Distributors (Pty) Ltd v Administrator, Cape, and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the following authorities: Oakland Nominees Ltd v Gelria Mining and Investment Co Ltd C 1976 (1) SA 441 (A) at 452; Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) at 709H; United Cape Fisheries (Pty) Ltd v Silberman 1951 (2) SA 612 (T); Electrolux (Pty) Ltd v Khota and Another 1961 (4) SA 244 (W); Ak......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...1924 TPD 245 Saambou-Nasionale Bouvereniging v Friedman 1979 (3) SA 978 (A) Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullmann Bros & Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Viljoen v SIK Investment Corporation (Pty) Ltd 1969 (3) SA 582 (T). Case Information Appeal fro......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...484 (A) Standard Bank v Sweet 1924 OPD 30 J Talbot v Von Boris [1911] 1 KB 854 Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullman Bros and Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Cur adv vult. Postea (May 28). E Judgment Van Heerden JA: This matter arises from judgments......
  • Jonker v Boland Bank Pks Bpk
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...632 (A): na verwys/referred to C South British Insurance Co Ltd v Glisson 1963 (1) SA 289 (D): na verwys/referred to Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A): Trust Bank of Africa Ltd v Wassenaar 1972 (3) SA 139 (D): dictum op/at 142H - 143A goedgekeur/approved. D Case Information Appèl teen 'n......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
1 books & journal articles
  • Bypassing unions during collective bargaining and the right to freedom of expression
    • South Africa
    • South Africa Mercantile Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • 20 August 2019
    ...environment.Benjamin et al (eds), Strikes, Lock-outs & Arbitration in South African Law (Juta 1989) 41–52.See, also, Thompson v Voges (1988) 1 SA 691 (A) 711; Knox D’Arcy Ltd v Jamieson & others1996 (4) SA 348 (A); and Atkin v Botes 2011 (6) 231 (SCA).(2017) 29 SA MERC LJ94© Juta and Compan......
7 provisions
  • B & B Hardware Distributors (Pty) Ltd v Administrator, Cape, and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the following authorities: Oakland Nominees Ltd v Gelria Mining and Investment Co Ltd C 1976 (1) SA 441 (A) at 452; Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) at 709H; United Cape Fisheries (Pty) Ltd v Silberman 1951 (2) SA 612 (T); Electrolux (Pty) Ltd v Khota and Another 1961 (4) SA 244 (W); Ak......
  • Bypassing unions during collective bargaining and the right to freedom of expression
    • South Africa
    • South Africa Mercantile Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • 20 August 2019
    ...environment.Benjamin et al (eds), Strikes, Lock-outs & Arbitration in South African Law (Juta 1989) 41–52.See, also, Thompson v Voges (1988) 1 SA 691 (A) 711; Knox D’Arcy Ltd v Jamieson & others1996 (4) SA 348 (A); and Atkin v Botes 2011 (6) 231 (SCA).(2017) 29 SA MERC LJ94© Juta and Compan......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...1924 TPD 245 Saambou-Nasionale Bouvereniging v Friedman 1979 (3) SA 978 (A) Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullmann Bros & Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Viljoen v SIK Investment Corporation (Pty) Ltd 1969 (3) SA 582 (T). Case Information Appeal fro......
  • Ramsukh v Diesel-Electric (Natal) (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...484 (A) Standard Bank v Sweet 1924 OPD 30 J Talbot v Von Boris [1911] 1 KB 854 Thal v Cleveland Oil Co 1922 CPD 7 D Thompson v Voges 1988 (1) SA 691 (A) Ullman Bros and Davidson v Railton 1903 TS 596 Cur adv vult. Postea (May 28). E Judgment Van Heerden JA: This matter arises from judgments......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

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