S v Kotze

JurisdictionSouth Africa

S v Kotze
1965 (1) SA 118 (A)

1965 (1) SA p118


Citation

1965 (1) SA 118 (A)

Court

Appèlafdeling

Judge

Beyers AR, Ogilvie Thompson AR en Van Winsen Wn AR

Heard

September 4, 1964

Judgment

September 28, 1964

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde A

Strafreg — Diefstal — Wat uitmaak — Misbruik van fondse deur persone wat in 'n vertrouensverhouding daarteenoor staan — Prinsipaal het die beskuldigde in volkome beheer van sy bankrekening B geplaas — Mandaat tot die besigheid beperk. -Beskuldigde het 'n tjek ter vereffening van sy privaat skuld getrek en uitgegee — Feit dat die geld aan die bank behoort geen onoorkoomlike struikelblok nie — Tjek vir ander doeleindes ontvang ter vereffening van sy privaat skuld deponeer.

Headnote : Kopnota

C Die misbruik van fondse deur persone wat in 'n vertrouensverhouding daarteenoor staan kan, onder gepaste omstandighede, diefstal wees, selfs as daardie fondse uit iemand anders se bankrekening onregmatiglik getrek word.

Waar, op 'n aanklag van diefstal, dit blyk dat sy prinsipaal die beskuldigde in volkome beheer van sy bankrekening geplaas het, maar dat sy mandaat tot die trek of laat trek van tjeks vir die doeleindes van sy prinsipaal se besigheid beperk is, en dat die beskuldigde 'n tjek ter D vereffening van sy privaat skuld getrek en uitgegee het, dan is die feit dat die geld in sy prinsipaal se bankrekening was geen onoorkoomlike struikelblok by 'n bevinding dat hy diefstal van daardie geld, 'die eiendom of in die regmatige besit van sy prinsipaal', gepleeg het. Al is die prinsipaal nie eienaar van die geld in sy bankrekening nie, is hy inderdaad 'n persoon met 'n 'special property or interest' daarin.

E A pleeg die misdaad van diefstal van 'n bedrag geld, die eiendom of in die regmatige besit van B, indien hy tjeks ten opsigte van fondse wat B toekom ontvang en die fondse wat die tjeks verteenwoordig tot die voordeel van B moet belê teen sekuriteit en rentekoers, maar hy deponeer die tjeks ter vereffening van sy privaat skuld. 'n Bewering dat A 'diefstal van 'n bedrag geld die eiendom of in die regmatige besit van B gepleeg het' is nie in die omstandighede onvanpas of onjuis nie. F

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde

Criminal law — Theft — What constitutes — Misuse of funds by persons in a position of trust in relation thereto — Principal placing the accused in full control of his bank account — Mandate restricted to the business — Accused drawing and issuing a cheque in settlement of his private debt — Fact that the money belongs to the bank no insurmountable obstacle — Cheque received for other purposes deposited in settlement of his private debt.

Headnote : Kopnota

G The misuse of funds by persons who are in a position of trust in relation thereto can, in appropriate circumstances, be theft, even if those funds are irregularly drawn out of someone else's bank account.

Where, on a charge of theft, it appears that his principal had placed the accused in full control of his bank account, but his mandate was restricted to the drawing or causing to be drawn of cheques for the purposes of his principal's business, and that the accused had drawn and issued a cheque in settlement of his private debt, then the fact that the money was in his principal's bank account is no insurmountable H obstacle to a finding that he has stolen that money, 'the property of/or in the lawful possession of his principal'. Although the principal is not the owner of the money in his bank account, he is nevertheless a person with a 'special property or interest' therein.

A commits the crime of theft of a sum of money, the property or in the lawful possession of B, if he receives cheques in respect of funds due to B and should deposit the funds which the cheques represent in favour of B against security and rate of interest, but deposits the cheques in settlement of his private debt. An allegation that A committed 'theft of a sum of money the property or in the lawful custody of B' is not, in the circumstances, inappropriate or unjust.

1965 (1) SA p119

Case Information

Appèl deur die Staat teen 'n beslissing in die Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling (WATERMEYER, R., en assessore). Die feite blyk uit die uitspraak van OGILVIE THOMPSON, A.R.

M. M. Beukes, namens die Staat: Op klagtes 2 tot 9 en 11 tot 12, word A dit betoog dat die handelings met tjeks, soos in die regsvraag beskryf, 'n contrectatio uitgemaak het; sien The Law Quarterly Review (vol. LVII (1941) op bl. 467); R v Makonie, 1942 OPD 164; R v Milne en Erleigh, 1951 (1) SA op bl. 833, 865, 877, 878; R v Strydom, 1952 (2) SA op bl. 399; R v Herholdt and Others, 1957 (3) SA op bl. 256 - 260. Dit word betoog dat die contrectatio 'n toe-eiening deur die B beskuldigde en 'n vervreemding van die prinsipaal se gelde of gelde waarin hy 'n spesiale belang gehad het, bewerkstellig het; sien Gardiner & Lansdown, S.A. Criminal Law & Procedure, bl. 1652; R v Kohrs, 1940 NPD 11; R v Milne and Erleigh, ibid; R v Twala, 1952 (2) SA op C bl. 606 - 9; R v Manuel, 1953 (4) SA 526; R v Solomon, 1953 (4) SA 522; R v Scoulides, 1956 (2) SA op bl. 394; S v Mtetwa, 1963 (3) SA op bl. 449; S v Gathercole, 1964 (1) SA op bl. 24 - 5; art. 318 gelees met arts. 320 (7), 320 (9) en 1 (iv) van Wet 56 van 1955. Die fondse tot die krediet van die prinsipaal in die bank was in werklikheid toevertroude fondse en die handeling daarmee in stryd met D die prinsipaal se opdrag was diefstal; sien Gardiner & Lansdown, bl. 1668 - 9; Theunissen v R., 1907 O.R.C. 118; R v Satisky, 1915 CPD op bl. 579; R v Farquharson, 1925 E.D.L. 50; R v Fraser, 1928 AD 484; R v Frisby, 1932 S.W.A. 8; R v Weiss, 1934 AD 41; R v Gush, 1934 AD 261; R v Groenewald, 1941 OPD op bl. 198; R v Teichert, 1958 (3) SA op bl. 753; R v Gathercole, supra. Wat klagtes 10 en 13 E betref, die handeling soos in die regsvraag beskryf het sover gevorder dat dit 'n poging uitgemaak het, en nie net as voorbereidende dade beskou kon word nie; sien R v B., 1958 (1) SA 199. Op dieselfde gronde as bo, was die handeling 'n poging tot toe-eiening en dus 'n poging tot diefstal, van gelde van die prinsipaal op gelde waarin hy 'n spesiale belang gehad het. Op klagte 1 word dit betoog op dieselfde F grond as bo, dat die fondse deur die tjeks verteenwoordig soos in die regsvraag beskryf, die eiendom was van die persoon ten gunste van wie die tjeks uitgereik was, of fondse waarin hy 'n spesiale belang gehad het en dat 'n handeling daarmee deur 'n beskuldigde soos in die G regsvraag beskryf, 'n toe-eiening van die fondse bewerkstellig het. R v Stanbridge, 1959 (3) SA 274, was verkeerd beslis. Dit stel contrectatio in diefstal in S - A. reg gelyk met 'asportation' in 'larceny' in die Engelse reg. Dit het uit die oog verloor dat larceny in Engelse reg 'n baie enger begrip is as diefstal in S - A. reg en dat die ander misdade 'embezzlement' en 'fraudulent conversion' ook onder H diefstal in S - A. reg sorteer; sien Russel, Crime, 11th ed., bl. 1203 - 1285; de Wet en Swanepoel, Strafreg 2de uitg., bl. 319 - 20; D. A. de Villiers en Andere v Die Staat, 1 Greg, Beslissende Zaken, Hooggerechtshof O.V.S. (1884) bl. 14; S v Nelmappius, S.C. cases, S.A.R. vol. 11, 1885 - 88 (op bl. 121, 126). Dit het uit die oog verloor dat, hoewel dit erkende reg is dat die bank sy eie gelde uitbetaal, die bank nogtans handel as agent van die trekker van 'n tjek waar dit 'n tjek van die trekker aan 'n derde persoon uitbetaal of sy rekening

1965 (1) SA p120

daarmee krediteer; sien Bank of England v Vagliano Bros., 1891 A.C. op bl. 114. 115, 123, 134, 141, 158; Cowen, Law of Negotiable Instruments in South Africa, 3de uitg. bl. 337 - 42.

C.M.S. Brink (bygestaan deur C.R. Snyman), namens die respondent (op versoek van die Hof): Wat die eerste en tweede regsvrae betref, fondse wat by 'n bank gedeponeer word, word die eiendom van die bank. Die verhouding tussen 'n bank en sy kliënt is nie 'n vertrouensverhouding nie, maar die verhouding van 'n gewone debiteur en krediteur. Die bank B kan handel met die geld soos hy goed dink maar onderhewig aan die verpligting om die bedrag wat gedeponeer is, of 'n gedeelte daarvan, uit te betaal aan die kliënt self of aan iemand wat die kliënt aanwys wanneer die kliënt opdrag gee daartoe deur middel van die trekking van 'n tjek; sien Cowen, Law of Negotiable Instruments in South Africa, 3de C uitg. bl. 337; Grant, Law of Banking, 7de uitg. bl. 3; In re Agra & Masterman's Bank, Ex parte Waring, (1886) L.J. op bl. 151, 152; N. Joachimson v Swiss Bank Corporation, (1921) 3 K.B. op bl. 127; R v Stanbridge, 1959 (3) SA op bl. 278, 279; Baylis' Trustee v Cape of Good Hope Bank, 4 S.C. op bl. 442. Aangesien daar nie 'n vertrouensverhouding tussen die bank en die kliënt is nie, word dit D gesubmitteer dat beslissings soos R v Manuel, 1953 (4) SA 523, nie van toepassing is nie en dat die kliënt slegs op 'n siviele regsmiddel aangewys is indien die bank, by opvraging van die geld, nie in 'n finansiële posisie is om te betaal nie. Indien 'n bank nie diefstal kan pleeg ten opsigte van geld wat by hom gedeponeer is nie, of die E ekwivalente daarvan nie, kan daar ook nie sprake wees van diefstal van die kliënt se geld indien die bank deur 'n verteenwoordiger van 'n kliënt oorreed word om geld te betaal aan iemand wat nie geregtig is op betaling deur die kliënt nie. Indien daar wel 'n vetrouensverhouding tussen 'n bank en sy kliënt bestaan en die bank diefstal kan pleeg van 'n ekwivalente waarde van die gedeponeerde bedrag, word dit gesubmitteer F dat daar om die volgende redes nie diefstal van die kliënt se geld is in die geval waar 'n verteenwoordiger van die kliënt, buitekant die omvang van sy volmag, die bank oorreed om 'n bedrag te betaal aan iemand wat die kliënt nie aangewys het as 'n persoon wat geregtig is op betaling nie: (i) Die fondse wat gedeponeer is het die eiendom van die G bank geword. Diefstal van die ekwivalente...

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55 practice notes
  • Standard Bank of SA Ltd v Oneanate Investments (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...TS 624 Rosen v Barclays National Bank Ltd 1984 (3) SA 974 (W) S v Graham 1975 (3) SA 569 (A) S v Kearney 1964 (2) SA 495 (A) S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) B SA Securities Ltd v Greyling 1911 TPD 352 Saskatchewan and Western Elevator v Bank of Hamilton (1914) 18 DLR 411 Senekal v Trust Bank ......
  • 2012 index
    • South Africa
    • South African Criminal Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • August 16, 2019
    ...107-108, 180S v Kok 2003 (3) SACR 5 (SCA)............................................................ 31S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) .............................................................. 314-316S v Kriel 2012 (1) SACR 1 (SCA) .............................................................
  • Fourie v Van der Spuy & De Jongh Inc and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the trust account; ownership in the money the account vests in the bank or other institution in which it has been deposited (S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) at 124), and it is the attorney who is entitled to operate on the account and to make withdrawals from it (De Villiers NO v Kaplan 1960 ......
  • Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund v Tony Allem (Pty) Ltd and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...Fidelity Guarantee Board of Control 1957 (3) SA 490 (C); R v Scoulides 1956 (2) SA 388 (A); R v Manuel 1953 (4) SA 523 (A); S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A); R v Pharenque 1927 AD 57; R v Katz 1946 AD 71; R v Viljoen 1947 (2) SA 56 (A). Cur adv vult. I Postea (March 2). Judgment F H Grosskopf ......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
51 cases
  • Standard Bank of SA Ltd v Oneanate Investments (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...TS 624 Rosen v Barclays National Bank Ltd 1984 (3) SA 974 (W) S v Graham 1975 (3) SA 569 (A) S v Kearney 1964 (2) SA 495 (A) S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) B SA Securities Ltd v Greyling 1911 TPD 352 Saskatchewan and Western Elevator v Bank of Hamilton (1914) 18 DLR 411 Senekal v Trust Bank ......
  • Fourie v Van der Spuy & De Jongh Inc and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the trust account; ownership in the money the account vests in the bank or other institution in which it has been deposited (S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) at 124), and it is the attorney who is entitled to operate on the account and to make withdrawals from it (De Villiers NO v Kaplan 1960 ......
  • Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund v Tony Allem (Pty) Ltd and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...Fidelity Guarantee Board of Control 1957 (3) SA 490 (C); R v Scoulides 1956 (2) SA 388 (A); R v Manuel 1953 (4) SA 523 (A); S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A); R v Pharenque 1927 AD 57; R v Katz 1946 AD 71; R v Viljoen 1947 (2) SA 56 (A). Cur adv vult. I Postea (March 2). Judgment F H Grosskopf ......
  • S v Harper and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...fraud: the statement had lulled B into a false sense of security and involved the risk of harm. G Despite what is said in S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) at 125D - E, the Appellate Division has, in effect, decided that (a conviction of) theft of an incorporeal is, in the case of a credit bala......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
4 books & journal articles
  • 2012 index
    • South Africa
    • South African Criminal Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • August 16, 2019
    ...107-108, 180S v Kok 2003 (3) SACR 5 (SCA)............................................................ 31S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) .............................................................. 314-316S v Kriel 2012 (1) SACR 1 (SCA) .............................................................
  • Bibliography
    • South Africa
    • Transactions of the Centre for Business Law No. 2005-38, January 2005
    • January 1, 2005
    ...v A 1971 2 SA 293 T.S v Bailey 1981 4 SA 187 W.S v Graham 1975 3 SA 569 A.S v Harper 1981 2 SA 368 D.S v I 1976 1 SA 781 RA.S v Kotze1965 1 SA 118 A.S v Lawrence 1954 2 SA 408 K.S v Meyeza 1962 3 SA 386 N.S v Mintoor 1996 1 SACR 514 C.S v Ndhlovu 1963 1 SA 926 T.S v Ngobeza 1992 1 SASV 610 ......
  • Unauthorised access to commercial information, including Internet crime. Chapter 2
    • South Africa
    • Transactions of the Centre for Business Law No. 2005-38, January 2005
    • January 1, 2005
    ...to lose the thing itself 105 Burchell and Milton 1997:542.106 2002:492.107 Snyman 2002:492; Burchell and Milton 1997:554. See S v Kotze1965 1 SA 118:123H; S v Graham 1975 3 SA 569:575G-H.108 2002:492.109 Theft of money in the form of credit did not exist in our common law.It was created by ......
  • Case Comment: Payment of a cheque on which the amount in figures and the amount in words differ
    • South Africa
    • South Africa Mercantile Law Journal No. , May 2019
    • May 25, 2019
    ...(1886) 4 SC 439 at 442; Duba and others v Ketsikili & others 1924 EDL 332 at 341; S v Kearney 1964 (2) SA 495 (A) at 502-503; S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) at 125-125; and Standard Bank of SA Ltd v Minister of Bantu Education 1966 (1) SA 229 (N) at 240F—H). The exact nature and legal ramifi......
55 provisions
  • Standard Bank of SA Ltd v Oneanate Investments (Pty) Ltd
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...TS 624 Rosen v Barclays National Bank Ltd 1984 (3) SA 974 (W) S v Graham 1975 (3) SA 569 (A) S v Kearney 1964 (2) SA 495 (A) S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) B SA Securities Ltd v Greyling 1911 TPD 352 Saskatchewan and Western Elevator v Bank of Hamilton (1914) 18 DLR 411 Senekal v Trust Bank ......
  • 2012 index
    • South Africa
    • South African Criminal Law Journal No. , August 2019
    • August 16, 2019
    ...107-108, 180S v Kok 2003 (3) SACR 5 (SCA)............................................................ 31S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) .............................................................. 314-316S v Kriel 2012 (1) SACR 1 (SCA) .............................................................
  • Fourie v Van der Spuy & De Jongh Inc and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...the trust account; ownership in the money the account vests in the bank or other institution in which it has been deposited (S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A) at 124), and it is the attorney who is entitled to operate on the account and to make withdrawals from it (De Villiers NO v Kaplan 1960 ......
  • Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund v Tony Allem (Pty) Ltd and Another
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...Fidelity Guarantee Board of Control 1957 (3) SA 490 (C); R v Scoulides 1956 (2) SA 388 (A); R v Manuel 1953 (4) SA 523 (A); S v Kotze 1965 (1) SA 118 (A); R v Pharenque 1927 AD 57; R v Katz 1946 AD 71; R v Viljoen 1947 (2) SA 56 (A). Cur adv vult. I Postea (March 2). Judgment F H Grosskopf ......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

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