Pretoria City Council v Modimola

JurisdictionSouth Africa
JudgeBeyers ACJ, van Blerk JA, Ogilvie Thompson JA, Rumpff JA and Botha JA
Judgment Date23 May 1966
Hearing Date03 May 1966
CourtAppellate Division

D van Blerk, J.A.:

Ek het die uitspraak van my kollega BOTHA gelees en stem saam dat die appèl moet slaag. Ek is van mening dat, wanneer in die Staat die soewereine mag eiendoms-ontsetting deur wetgewing magtig, dit nie veronderstel kan word nie dat die reg van die onteiening, of die besluit om daartoe oor te gaan, onderworpe is aan die audi alteram partem reël, bloot omdat in die eienaar se regte ingegryp word.

E So byvoorbeeld, waar die Wetgewer slegs sê dat 'n behuisingsraad die bevoegdheid sal hê om teen vergoeding grond te onteien vir behuisingsdoeleindes, dan sou dit nie gesê kan word nie, dat die magtigende bepaling vir die eienaar die versweë reg inhou om aangehoor te word, alvorens besluit word om tot onteiening oor te gaan.

F Ek dink nie die uitspraak van Hoofregter CENTLIVRES in die saak van Rex v Ngwevela, 1954 (1) SA 123 (AD), moet sonder meer verstaan word as van toepassing te wees op gevalle van onteiening nie, wat uit die aard van die saak onbillike optrede teen die eienaar magtig deurdat sy grond teen sy wil en sin van hom geneem word.

G Die reg van onteiening is 'n publieke reg want dit kom die Staat alleen toe. Dis 'n bevoegdheid wat volgens die gemene reg sedert die dertiende eeu (De Blécourt - Fischer, Kort Begrip van het Oud-Vaderlands Burgerlijk Recht, 7de ed., bl. 164), kragtens die dominium eminens of imperium eminens die Staat toekom, ten einde vir die algemene nut onteiening teen skadeloosstelling uit te oefen, waar die nut of H dienstigheid van die beoogde doel, wat die Staat sig ten taak stel, dit nodig maak. (Sien Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis: Liber 11 caput XIV - 7; Schorer, Aantekeninge op de Groot, 2.3.1). Dit is ook die aard van die bevoegdheid wat ons Parlement kragtens sy soewereine mag deur wetgewing soms aan ondergeskikte owerhede, soos munisipaliteite, delegeer.

Volgens die gewone betekenis van die woord 'onteiening' is dit 'n ontneming van eiendom teen die wil van die eienaar, en dui dit op 'n eensydige optrede waarin die eienaar nie geken word nie.

Botha JA

As die owerheid in sy wysheid van oordeel is dat grond vir die doel waartoe dit benodig word, onteien moet word dan word die eienaar deur die uitoefening van dié reg sy eiendom ontneem deur oormag waarteen hy geen weerstand kan bied nie, en geen saak het om te stel nie, behalwe A wat betref aanspraak op vergoeding. Hy is soos een wat getref is deur casus fortuitus. Vgl. North Western Hotel Ltd., v Rolfes, Nebel & Co., 1902 T.S. 324, waar REGTER WESSELS op bl. 331 sê:

'The expulsion of the lessee by any superior power is considered to be vis major and the act of the sovereign power whether de jure or de facto falls under casus fortuitus.'

B Dit is moeilik om te bedink dat onder hierdie omstandighede vóór die uitoefening van die soewereine mag die eienaar die geleentheid gegee moet word om sy sienswyse bekend te maak, of om besware te opper aangaande die dienstigheid al dan nie van die besluit om te onteien. Alhoewel op drastiese wyse inbreuk gemaak word op die regte van die C eienaar, en onteiening vir hom, soos in 'n illustrasie ter verklaring van die woord 'expropriation' in die Oxford Dictionary dit genoem word, 'n bittere pil kan wees, is die billikheidsreël audi alteram partem onbestaanbaar met die begrip 'onteiening' wat 'n selfverklarende algehele miskenning is van die eienaar en sy regte, behalwe sy reg op vergoeding. Vir dié rede kan myns insiens algemeen gesproke dié reël nie D as inbegrepe in 'n onteieningswet beskou word nie, tensy die taal wat die Wetgewer gebruik op die teendeel dui. In hierdie verband beroep die respondent hom op art. 24 (1) (a) van Wet 69 van 1955 soos gewysig deur art. 20 van Wet 81 van 1959, wat volgens sy betoog voorsiening maak vir 'n 'ondersoek' aangaande die besluit oor die dienstigheid van die onteiening.

E Ek vereenselwig my met wat my kollega BOTHA oor hierdie aspek van die saak sê.

RUMPFF, A.R., het met VAN BLERK, A.R., saamgestem.

Judgment

Botha, J.A.:

F Under powers delegated to it by the Community Development Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) in terms of sec. 13 of the Group Areas Development Act, 69 of 1955, the appellant, to whom I shall refer as the Council, purported to expropriate on or about 18th March, 1965, certain erf 19, situate on the corner of High and Burg Streets, G Claremont, in the district of Pretoria, for the proper development of the group area in which it is situated. Thereafter the respondent, the registered owner of the property in question and to whom I shall refer as the plaintiff, instituted an action in the Transvaal Provincial Division for an order setting aside the relevant notice of expropriation served upon him by the council on 18th March, 1965, on the ground that H it was invalid by reason of the fact, inter alia, that the council had

'wrongfully failed to afford to the plaintiff any opportunity whatever of being heard in regard to the expediency or otherwise of the said expropriation before the issue of the notice referred to',

as it was, so it was alleged, in law obliged to do by virtue of the audi alteram partem rule.

An exception raised by the Council to the plaintiff's summons that it disclosed no cause of action and is bad in law on the ground that

Botha JA

'in terms of Act 69 of 1955, the expropriating authority is not obliged to give the owner of any property concerned an opportunity of being heard as to the expediency or otherwise of the expropriation of such property,

A was dismissed by BEKKER, J., with costs. Against this order the Council has appealed to this Court with the leave of the Court a...

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39 practice notes
  • Attorney-General, Eastern Cape v Blom and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...implication is excluded, there is an end to the matter. Sachs v Minister of Justice 1934 AD 11 at 38; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at 261B - 262F. For the reasons which follow, the Legislature did not contemplate that the audi alteram partem maxim should be H observe......
  • Administrator, Transvaal, and Others v Zenzile and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...of Justice 1967 (1) SA 263 (A) at 270F; Minister of Interior v Mariam 1961 (4) SA 740 (A) at 751H; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at E 261B - H; Surtees Silk Stores v Community Development Board 1977 (4) SA 269 (W) at 274; Administrator, South West Africa v Pieters 197......
  • Premier, Eastern Cape, and Others v Cekeshe and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...African Roads Board v Johannesburg City Council 1991 (4) SA 1 (A). The appellants further relied upon Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) in arguing that Proc 10 affected members of the community equally D and therefore the audi alteram partem rule did not apply. It was fur......
  • Administrator, Transvaal, and Others v Traub and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...Another 1973 (1) SA 873 (A) at 889A; Minister of the Interior v Mariam 1961 (4) SA 740 (A) at 751H; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at 261B - H; Surtee's Silk Store (Pty) Ltd and Others v Community Development Board E and Another 1977 (4) SA 269 (W) at 274; Administrate......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
37 cases
  • Attorney-General, Eastern Cape v Blom and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...implication is excluded, there is an end to the matter. Sachs v Minister of Justice 1934 AD 11 at 38; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at 261B - 262F. For the reasons which follow, the Legislature did not contemplate that the audi alteram partem maxim should be H observe......
  • Administrator, Transvaal, and Others v Zenzile and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...of Justice 1967 (1) SA 263 (A) at 270F; Minister of Interior v Mariam 1961 (4) SA 740 (A) at 751H; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at E 261B - H; Surtees Silk Stores v Community Development Board 1977 (4) SA 269 (W) at 274; Administrator, South West Africa v Pieters 197......
  • Premier, Eastern Cape, and Others v Cekeshe and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...African Roads Board v Johannesburg City Council 1991 (4) SA 1 (A). The appellants further relied upon Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) in arguing that Proc 10 affected members of the community equally D and therefore the audi alteram partem rule did not apply. It was fur......
  • Administrator, Transvaal, and Others v Traub and Others
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...Another 1973 (1) SA 873 (A) at 889A; Minister of the Interior v Mariam 1961 (4) SA 740 (A) at 751H; Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 (3) SA 250 (A) at 261B - H; Surtee's Silk Store (Pty) Ltd and Others v Community Development Board E and Another 1977 (4) SA 269 (W) at 274; Administrate......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
2 books & journal articles
  • Substantive Adjudication of the Decision to Expropriate Property
    • South Africa
    • Juta Stellenbosch Law Review No. , May 2019
    • 27 May 2019
    ...one ‘i n connectio n with’ the construct ion of road 51” (34).81 658.82 655. The Court refer red to Pretoria City Council v Modimola 1966 3 SA 250 (A) 263G -H where Bo tha JA stated as follows:“Where u nqualified a uthority is c onferred for t he expropriatio n of land requi red for public ......
  • The (shelved) Expropriation Bill B16-2008: An unconstitutional souvenir or an alarmist memento?
    • South Africa
    • Juta Stellenbosch Law Review No. , August 2019
    • 16 August 2019
    ...eve n if the co mpensation prov ided for in s uch a statut e was unsat isfactory or unfair, Pret oria City Co uncil v Modimola 1966 3 SA 250 (A) 258-259; Collins v Mini ster of the Interior 1957 1 SA 522 (A) 565THE (SHELVED) EXPROPRIATION BILL 357 © Juta and Company (Pty) the depart ment an......

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