Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit

JurisdictionSouth Africa
Citation2003 (6) SA 568 (T)

Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit
2003 (6) SA 568 (T)

2003 (6) SA p568


Citation

2003 (6) SA 568 (T)

Case No

Saaknr 15798/2001

Court

Transvaalse Provinsiale Afdeling

Judge

Kirk-Cohen R

Heard

November 26, 2002; November 27, 2002; November 28, 2002

Judgment

December 3, 2002

Counsel

B C van den Heever SC (bygestaan deur D J Venter) namens die eiser.
B Roux SC namens die verweerder.

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde

Nalatigheid — Polisieman arresteer verdagte — Polisieman versuim om staande orders van B polisie na te kom — Staande orders vereis onder andere dat polisieman op patrollie vergesel gaan van kollega en dat hulle boeie het waarmee gearresteerde persoon geboei word — Polisieman pleeg ernstige pligsversuim wat grens aan roekeloosheid — Lid van publiek ernstig gewond deurdat verdagte polisieman se vuurwapen afneem en skote afvuur — Publiek se reg om beskerm te word en doel van polisiediens beskryf — Polisieman nalatig en verweerder C aanspreeklik.

Strafproses — Arres — Vereistes van — Staande orders van polisie het vereiste minimum standaarde wat redelike polisiebeampte by arres moes handhaaf gestel — Sodanige minimum standaarde behels dat (1) elke gearresteerde dadelik met sy hande agter sy rug geboei moes word; (2) D daar geen diskresie daarmee was nie; (3) elke gearresteerde 'n potensiële gevaar vir polisie en publiek was; (4) gearresteerde op sy gevaarlikste was wanneer hy geboei word en wanneer hy in vangwa geplaas word; (5) om gevaar te bekamp, moet polisiebeampte op patrolliediens sy toerusting, in besonder sy boeie, en polisiebeampte passasier saamneem; en (6) om, waar nodig, polisieversterking aan te E vra — Waar polisiebeampte versuim het om boeie en polisiebeampte passasier saam te neem toe hy uitgeroep is, bevind dat hy skuldig is aan erge pligsversuim — Polisie deliktueel aanspreeklik gehou vir beserings aan lid van publiek veroorsaak as gevolg van sodanige pligsversuim. F

Headnote : Kopnota

Die eiser was ernstig beseer toe hy geskiet was. Die voorval het plaasgevind nadat 'n polisieman, S, alleen gery het om 'n huisbraakklag te ondersoek. Op die toneel het S versuim om bystand te ontbied en voortgegaan om alleen 'n verdagte te konfronteer en te arresteer. S het nie handboeie by hom gehad nie en dus verder versuim G om die verdagte te boei. Terwyl S besig was om die verdagte in die vangwa te laai, het die verdagte S oorval en S se amptelike vuurwapen afgeneem. Verskeie skote is gevuur waaronder ten minste een skoot die eiser, 'n lid van die publiek wat op die toneel aangekom het, getref het. Die polisie het staande orders wat aan polisiebeamptes voorskryf welke toerusting op patrollie saamgeneem moet word, asook hoe opgetree H moes word wanneer 'n klagte ondersoek word en 'n verdagte gearresteer word. Die eiser het aksie in 'n Provinsiale Afdeling ingestel ten einde die verweerder aanspreeklik te hou vir sy skade. Die enigste geskilpunte vir beregting deur die Hof was die volgende: (1) of daar 'n regsplig op die verweerder en/of S teenoor die eiser gerus het om te voorkom dat die skietvoorval waarin die eiser beseer was plaasgevind het en/of sy versuim om dit te voorkom derhalwe onregmatig was; (2) of I gemelde S nalatig was in een of meer van die opsigte uiteengesit in die besonderhede van vordering, en of dit redelikerwys voorsienbaar was dat S se optrede/versuim skade vir die eiser sou veroorsaak het; en (3) of die daad of versuim regtens kousaal verbind was met die skade wat die eiser gelei het.

Beslis, dat die polisie se staande orders die vereiste minimum standaarde wat 'n redelike polisiebeampte moes handhaaf, geboekstaaf het; met ander J

2003 (6) SA p569

woorde, die versuim om daaraan te voldoen, veral wat boeie aanbetref en die gebruik daarvan, was in die A omstandighede van hierdie saak sodanig dat S nie as 'n redelike lid van die polisie opgetree het nie en dit word onderstreep deur sy versuim om 'n passasier ('n ander polisiebeampte) saam te geneem het. (Op 581I - 582A.)

Beslis, verder, dat S homself skuldig gemaak het aan erge pligsversuim as verantwoordelike polisiebeampte om (1) nie boeie saam B te geneem het nie, en (2) nie sy passasier saam te geneem het nie. Die voorsorgmaatreël en vereiste dat twee lede van die mag aan patrolliediens moes deelneem, was geheel en al verontagsaam. (Op 582E - F en G/H - H.)

Beslis, verder, dat die redelike lid van die polisie een was wat onder andere die standaard gehandhaaf het wat as die vereiste norm daargestel was. Dit het, onder andere, die volgende behels: (1) Elke gearresteerde moet dadelik geboei word met sy hande agter sy rug. 'n C Man so geboei was so te sê geneutraliseer en het geen gevaar gestel nie. (2) Daar was geen diskresie daarmee nie, veral betreffende 'n persoon soos die gearresteerde in hierdie saak. (3) Elke gearresteerde was 'n potensiële gevaar vir beide die polisie en die algemene publiek. (4) So 'n persoon was op sy gevaarlikste: (4.1) wanneer hy geboei word; en (4.2) ook wanneer hy in 'n vangwa geplaas word. (5) Om D gevaar sover moontlik te bekamp, moet 'n polisiebeampte wat op patrolliediens gaan sy toerusting en, in besonder, sy boeie en sy passasier, waar beskikbaar, saamneem. (6) Indien nodig, moet 'n polisiebeampte versterking aanvra waar dit beskikbaar was soos in hierdie geval. (Op 585F - I.)

Beslis, verder, dat in casu het S in elke opsig onredelik opgetree. (Op 585I - I/J.) E

Beslis, verder, dat, met verwysing na die doelwitte en rede vir die bestaan van die polisiediens in hierdie land, die Grondwet en die onderskeie toetse soos uiteengesit in regspraak, onregmatigheid, nalatigheid en kousaliteit op die feite bewys was. Die verweerder was dus aanspreeklik vir die eiser se skade. (Op 582H - 583E, 585B/C - D, 587G - J en 588A/B.) F

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde

Negligence — Policeman effecting arrest — Policeman failing to comply with police standing orders — Standing orders requiring, inter alia, that policeman on patrol be accompanied by colleague and that they have handcuffs to cuff arrested person — Policeman committing serious dereliction of duty bordering on recklessness Public's right to be protected and object G of police service discussed Policeman negligent and defendant liable.

Criminal procedure — Arrest — Requirements for — Standing orders of police setting minimum standards to be maintained by reasonable policeman — Such minimum standards comprising that (1) every arrestee to have hands handcuffed behind his back; (2) there is no discretion therewith; (3) every arrestee was potential danger to police and public; (4) arrestee most H dangerous when being handcuffed and when being put in police van; (5) to avoid danger policeman on patrol duty to take his equipment, in particular his handcuffs, and police passenger with him; and (6), where necessary, to request police reinforcements — Where policeman failing to take handcuffs and police passenger with him when called out, held that he was guilty of severe dereliction of duty — Police held delictually liable for injuries caused to member of public as result of such dereliction of duty. I

Headnote : Kopnota

The plaintiff had been seriously injured after being shot. The incident occurred when a policeman, S, went alone to investigate a charge of housebreaking. On the scene, S failed to call for backup and proceeded alone to confront a suspect and arrest him. S did not have handcuffs with him and accordingly J

2003 (6) SA p570

failed to handcuff the suspect. While S was in the process of putting the suspect in the police van, A the suspect overpowered S and took S's service pistol. Numerous shots were fired and at least one hit the plaintiff, a member of the public, who had arrived on the scene. The police had standing orders which prescribed to police officers what equipment to take on patrol, as well as how to act when investigating a call-out and arresting a suspect. The plaintiff instituted action in a Provincial Division against the B defendant in order to hold him liable for his damages. The only points in dispute were: (1) whether there was a legal duty on defendant and/or S towards the plaintiff to prevent the shooting incident in which the plaintiff was wounded and/or whether his failure to prevent it was unlawful; (2) whether S was negligent in one or more of the respects set out in the particulars of claim, and whether it was reasonably foreseeable that S's failure would cause damages for the C plaintiff; and (3) whether the act or failure was in law causally connected to the damages suffered by the plaintiff.

Held, that the police's standing orders documented the required minimum standard at which a reasonable policeman should have D conducted himself; in other words, the failure to comply therewith, especially with regard to handcuffs and the use thereof in circumstances such as applied in the present case, was such that S did not act as a reasonable member of the police and this was further emphasised by his failure to take a passenger with him. (At 581I - 582A.)

Held, that S was guilty of serious dereliction of duty as policeman in that he (1) did not take handcuffs with him and (2) he did E not take his passenger (another policeman) with him. The precaution and requirement that two members of the force must do patrols together, was totally ignored. (At 582E - F and G/H - H.)

Held, further, that the reasonable member of the police was one who, inter alia, complied with the standard that was set F as the required norm. It entailed, inter alia, the following: (1) Every arrested person should be handcuffed immediately with his hands behind his back. A man so handcuffed was neutralised and did not pose a threat. (2) There was no discretion with regard thereto, especially with reference to a person such as the arrestee in this case. (3) Every arrested person...

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3 practice notes
  • K v Minister of Safety and Security
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...v Curry (1999) 174 DLR (4th) 45 (Con SC) Bezuidenhout v Eskom 2003 (3) SA 83 (SCA) Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) British South Africa Company v Crickmore 1921 AD 107 J 2005 (3) SA p181 Cooper v Syfrets Trust Ltd 2001 (1) SA 122 (SCA) A Costa da Oura Resta......
  • Minister of Safety and Security v Mohofe
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...cited in the judgment of the Court, counsel for the parties referred to the following: Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) at 581 - 583. J 2007 (2) SACR p95 Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security (Centre for Applied Legal A Studies Intervening) 2001 (4) SA ......
  • Minister of Safety and Security v Mohofe
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...cited in the judgment of the Court, counsel for the parties referred to the following: B Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) at 581 - 3 Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security (Centre for Applied Legal Studies Intervening) 2001 (4) SA 938 (CC) (2002 (1) SACR......
3 cases
  • K v Minister of Safety and Security
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...v Curry (1999) 174 DLR (4th) 45 (Con SC) Bezuidenhout v Eskom 2003 (3) SA 83 (SCA) Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) British South Africa Company v Crickmore 1921 AD 107 J 2005 (3) SA p181 Cooper v Syfrets Trust Ltd 2001 (1) SA 122 (SCA) A Costa da Oura Resta......
  • Minister of Safety and Security v Mohofe
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...cited in the judgment of the Court, counsel for the parties referred to the following: Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) at 581 - 583. J 2007 (2) SACR p95 Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security (Centre for Applied Legal A Studies Intervening) 2001 (4) SA ......
  • Minister of Safety and Security v Mohofe
    • South Africa
    • Invalid date
    ...cited in the judgment of the Court, counsel for the parties referred to the following: B Botha v Minister van Veiligheid en Sekuriteit 2003 (6) SA 568 (T) at 581 - 3 Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security (Centre for Applied Legal Studies Intervening) 2001 (4) SA 938 (CC) (2002 (1) SACR......

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