S v Theron

JurisdictionSouth Africa
JudgeRabie HR, Joubert AR, Cillié AR, Smuts Wn AR en Grosskopf Wn AR
Judgment Date22 March 1984
Citation1984 (2) SA 868 (A)
Hearing Date16 February 1984
CourtAppellate Division

Rabie Hr:

Die appellant is deur ERASMUS WN RP van die Noord-Kaapse Afdeling van die Hooggeregshof en twee assessore daaraan skuldig bevind dat hy Andries Johannes Visser (hierna "die oorledene" genoem) op 20 Oktober 1982 op 'n plaas in die distrik Keimoes vermoor het. Die Verhoorhof het bevind dat daar A geen veragtende omstandighede was nie en appellant is gevolglik ter dood veroordeel. Appellant appelleer nou, met die verlof van die Verhoorregter, teen die straf wat hom opgelê is.

Voordat daar ingegaan word op die betoog van appellant se advokaat (mnr Cooper, wat appellant ook in die Hof a quo B verteenwoordig het) aangaande die feite van die saak wat op die wraag van versagtende omstandighede betrekking het, moet eers aandag gegee word aan sy betoog dat die Verhoorhof hom regtens wanvoorgelig het deur van die standpunt uit te gaan dat die las op appellant gerus het om te bewys dat daar versagtende C omstandighede was. Die Hof moes bevind het, lui die betoog, dat by 'n skuldigbevinding aan moord die las op die Staat rus om bo redelike twyfel te bewys dat daar nie versagtende omstandighede aanwesig was nie. In die alternatief tot hierdie betoog is daar aangevoer dat 'n Hof by die beslissing van die vraag of daar versagtende omstandighede was, volgens al die D getuienis wat daar voor hom is moet oordeel, sonder om 'n bewyslas op òf die beskuldigde òf die Staat te plaas, en dat die Verhoorhof gefouteer het deur dit nie te doen nie.

Albei bogemelde betoë is in stryd met die beslissing van hierdie Hof in R v Lembete 1947 (2) SA 603. In daardie saak, wat sedertdien nog altyd gevolg is, is beslis (per GREENBERG AR E met wie WATERMEYER HR en TINDALL AR saamgestem het) dat waar 'n beskuldigde aan moord skuldig bevind is, die las op hom rus om te bewys dat daar by die pleeg van die misdaad versagtende omstandighede aanwesig was en dat hy hom van daardie las met bewys op 'n oorwig van waarskynlikhede kan kwyt. Mnr Cooper het F betoog dat daardie beslissing verkeerd is en nie langer gevolg moet word nie.

Toe die uitspraak in Lembete se saak gelewer is, het art 338 (1) van die Wet op De Kriminele Procedure en Bewijslevering 31 van 1917 (hierna kortweg "die 1917 Wet" genoem), soos gewysig deur art 61 van die Algemene Regswysigingswet 46 van 1935, die G kwessie van straf by moord gereël. In sy oorspronklike vorm het art 338 (1) bepaal dat, behalwe in twee gevalle, die doodstraf verpligtend was waar iemand aan moord skudig bevind is. Die twee gevalle was dié van 'n vrou wat aan die moord van haar pasgebore kind skuldig bevind is, en dié van iemand wat H onder die ouderdom van 16 jaar was. Artikel 61 van die gemelde Algemene Regswysigingswet het vir 'n derde uitsonderingsgeval voorsiening gemaak, nl die geval waar:

"de jury by schuldigbevinding van de beschuldigde aan moord krachtens subart (2) van art 206 de mening heeft uitgesproken dat daar verzachtende omstandigheden zijn (of in het geval van een verhoor zonder jury, indien het hof van mening is dat daar verzachtende omstandigheden zijn)..."

Subartikel (2) van art 206, wat deur art 34 van die gemelde Algemene Regswysigingswet in die 1917 Wet ingevoeg is, het onder meer bepaal:

Rabie HR

"(2)

Wanneer de beschuldigde terechtstaat op een aanklacht van moord verlangt de Rechter dat de jury, indien zij de beschuldigde aan moord schuldig vinden, verklaren of er naar hun mening verzachtende omstandigheden zijn, en indien zij verklaren dat er naar hun mening A wel verzachtende omstandigheden zijn kan hij van hen verlangen dat zij de omstandigheden omschrijven...."

Dit is duidelik dat die 1917 Wet geen uitdruklike bepalings aangaande die las om versagtende omstandighede te bewys, bevat het nie. In Lembete se saak is egter beslis, soos reeds gesê, dat 'n beskuldigde wat aan moord skuldig bevind is, moet bewys B dat daar versagtende omstandighede was en dat hy dit met bewys op 'n oorwig van waarskynlikhede kon doen. Ek haal aan uit die uitspraak van GREENBERG AR (op 609 - 610):

"As far as I am aware, the question of the incidence of the onus in regard to extenuating circumstances has not been C decided in our Courts. The relevant provisions are ss 206 (2) and the concluding portion of 338 (1) of Act 31 of 1917, these provisions having been introduced by Act 46 of 1935. They are provisions in favour of a person convicted of murder and were introduced to mitigate the rigour of the law as it then existed, which, except in cases not relevant to the present point, allowed no verdict other than sentence of death in case of murder. Prima facie, therefore, it would not be surprising if the Legislature, in introducing these provisions, required D the person convicted of murder to prove the circumstances which would make it permissible for the Court to pass a more lenient sentence. Whether this is the position depends of course on the interpretation to be given to the language of the section, and light may be also thrown on the question by the application of general principles in regard to the incidence of the onus.

The language used points clearly, in my opinion, to the view that the onus rests on the accused and not on the Crown. E Section 206 (2) requires the jury to state, if they find the accused guilty of murder, 'whether in their opinion there are any extenuating circumstances'. This means that they are only entitled to find that there are extenuating circumstances when they come to the conclusion that such circumstances exist, and are not entitled to do so merely because the Crown has failed to prove that they do not exist. The relevant portion of s 338 (1) provides that

F 'where the jury, in convicting the accused of murder, has in terms of s 206 (2) expressed the opinion that there are extenuating circumstances, the Court may impose any sentence other than the death sentence'.

This provision points to the same conclusion, which is also supported by the general rule that the onus rests on the party who asserts the affirmative. (Phipson on Evidence 7th ed at 30; Pillay v Krishna and Another (1946 AD December, not yet reported).) I think, therefore, that the onus rests on the G appellant to prove the existence of these circumstances, and that the extent of this onus is governed by the decision in Ex parte Minister of Justice: In re R v Bolon 1941 AD 45, ie that he must prove it by a preponderance of probability."

Die 1917 Wet is deur die Strafproseswet 56 van 1955 vervang. In art 329 (1) van hierdie Wet is bepaal, net soos in die ooreenstemmende bepaling in die 1917 Wet, nl art 338 (1), dat H behalwe in drie gevalle, wat in 'n voorbehoudsbepaling genoem is, die doodvonnis verpligtend was wanneer iemand aan moord skuldig bevind is. Die voorbehoudsbepaling het, vir sover dit op versagtende omstandighede betrekking gehad het, soos volg gelui:

"Met dien verstande dat... waar die jurie, by skuldigbevinding van die beskuldigde aan moord kragtens subart (2) van art 141 die mening uitspreek dat daar versagtende omstandighede is, of in die geval van 'n verhoor sonder 'n jurie, waar die Hof van oordeel is dat daar versagtende omstandighede is, die Hof 'n ander vonnis as die doodvonnis kan oplê."

Rabie HR

Die bepalings van subart (2) van art 141 is wesenlik dieselfde...

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35 practice notes
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  • S v Mncube en 'n Ander
    • South Africa
    • South Africa Law Reports
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    • South Africa
    • South Africa Law Reports
    • 27 November 1986
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