S v Klopper
| Jurisdiction | South Africa |
| Judge | Holmes AR, Jansen AR en Kotzé Wn AR |
| Judgment Date | 03 September 1975 |
| Citation | 1975 (4) SA 773 (A) |
| Hearing Date | 19 August 1975 |
| Court | Appellate Division |
S v Klopper
1975 (4) SA 773 (A)
1975 (4) SA p773
Citation | 1975 (4) SA 773 (A) |
Court | Appèlafdeling |
Judge | Holmes AR, Jansen AR en Kotzé Wn AR |
Heard | August 19, 1975 |
Judgment | September 3, 1975 |
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Strafreg — Persone, aanspreeklikheid van — Direkteur van maatskappy — Aanspreeklikheid van ingevolge art. 381 (5) van Wet 56 van 1955 — As gevolg van nalatigheid het hy nie misdryf verhoed nie — Sodanige nalatigheid nie genoegsaam om skuldigbevinding kragtens art. 381 (5) te regverdig nie — Subjektiewe toets moet toegepas word — Maatskappy — Direkteur — Strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van ingevolge art. 381 (5) van Wet 56 van 1955 — Direkteur nie strafregtelik aanspreeklik waar hy misdryf nie kon verhoed het as gevolg van sy nalatigheid nie — Subjektiewe toets moet toegepas word.
Headnote : Kopnota
Benewens 'n bewyslasverskuiwing in die eerste deel van die voorbehoudsbepaling tot artikel 381 (5) van die Strafproseswet, 56 van 1955, lê die tweede deel daarvan 'n vorm van strafpligtigheid op in die sin dat die oortreding van die dader aangesien word as dié van die direkteur of dienaar van die maatskappy tensy op 'n oorwig van waarskynlikhede bewys word dat die direkteur of dienaar die pleeg van die misdryf nie kon verhoed nie. Sub-artikel (5) (en ook sub-artikel (7)) van artikel 381 verleen nie steun aan 'n betoog dat slegs 'n objektiewe uitleg sin aan die tweede voorbehoudsbepaling verleen nie - selfs 'n subjektiewe vertolking vestig strafpligtigheid waar dit nie onder die gemene reg bestaan nie. Aanspreeklikheid ingevolge artikel 381 (5) kan nie op grond van 'n nalate om met redelike agsaamheid op te tree gevestig word nie.
Appellant is in 'n Plaaslike Afdeling skuldig bevind deurdat hy, 'n direkteur van 'n maatskappy, uit hoofde van artikel 381 (5) van Wet 56 van 1955, die misdaad van poging tot bedrog gepleeg het deur aan die lede en aandeelhouers van die maatskappy sekere valse voorstellings deur middel van 'n sekere sirkulêre gedoen het, ten einde hulle te beweeg om, tot hulle verlies en nadeel, aandele in die maatskappy op te neem en hulle aldus te bedrieg. Uit die getuienis het dit geblyk dat hy nie bewus van die wanvoorstelling wat in die sirkulêre vervat is nie en wat veroorsaak is deur sy nalate om dit met redelike agsaamheid te lees. In hoër beroep op 'n regsvraag wat deur die Verhoorregter voorbehou is,
Beslis, dat die skuldigbevinding en vonnis ter syde gestel moes word.
S. v Salama Taxis (Pty.) Ltd. and Others, 1964 (1) SA 371 (K), en S. v Poole, 1975 (1) SA 924 (N), verkeerd.
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Criminal law — Persons, liability of — Director of company — Liability of under sec. 381 (5) of Act 56 of 1955 — Unable to prevent an offence through negligence — Such negligence insufficient to justify conviction under sec. 381 (5) — Subjective test to be applied — Company — Director — Criminal liability of under sec. 381 (5) of Act 56 of 1955 — Director not criminally liable where he could have prevented the offence because of his negligence — Subjective test to be applied.
Headnote : Kopnota
In addition to a shifting of onus in the first part of the proviso to section 381 (5) of the Criminal Procedure Act, 56 of 1955, the second part thereof imposes a form
1975 (4) SA p774
of criminal liability in the sense that the contravention of the offender is regarded as that of the director or servant of the company unless it is proved on a balance of probabilities that the director or servant could not prevent the commission of the offence. Sub-section (5) (and also sub-section (7)) of section 381 does not lend support to an argument that only an objective interpretation would give meaning to the second proviso - even a subjective interpretation establishes criminal liability which did not exist under the common law. Liability in terms of section 381 (5) cannot be established on the ground of a failure to act with reasonable care.
Appellant had been convicted in a Local Division in that he, a director of a company, had, in terms of section 381 (5) of Act 56 of 1955, committed the offence of attempting to commit fraud by making certain false representations to members and shareholders of the company by means of a certain circular with intent to persuade them, to their loss and prejudice, to take up shares in the company and thus to defraud them. From the evidence it appeared that he had not been aware of the misrepresentation contained in the circular due to his failure to read it with reasonable care. In an appeal on a question of law reserved by the trial Judge,
Held, that the conviction and sentence should be set aside.
S. v Salama Taxis (Pty.) Ltd. and Others, 1964 (1) SA 371 (C), and S. v Poole, 1975 (1) SA 924 (N), overruled.
Case Information
Appèl ingevolge art. 366 van Wet 56 van 1955 teen 'n skuldigbevinding in D die Witwatersrandse Plaaslike Afdeling (COETZEE, R.). Die feite blyk uit die uitspraak van KOTZÉ, WN. A.R.
C. B. Cillie, namens die appellant, op versoek van die Hof: Die vraag is of appellant se onvermoë om die misdaad te verhoed weens sy eie nalatigheid dit ook regtens (in teenstelling met bloot fisies) gesproke vir hom onmoontlik gemaak het. Of anders gestel: kan appellant hom op E die regverdigingsgrond van onmoontlikheid beroep as die onmoontlikheid tot stand gekom het deur skuld aan sy eie kant te wete sy eie nalatigheid. Gemeenregtelik kon geen gesag gevind word wat enigsins daarvoor of daarteen spreek nie, maar in ons praktyk is daar wel gesag vir die houding dat so 'n dader hom wel daarop kan beroep in situasies analoog aan dié tans tersprake. Bv. noodtoestand, sien R. v Mahomed en F Andere, 1938 AD 30; noodweer, R. v Nthauling, 1943 AD te bl. 654; R. v Ndara, 1955 (4)
1975 (4) SA p775
S.A. te bl. 184; S. v Marert, 1967 (1) P.H. H167. Sien ook R. v Mostert, 1918 K.P.A. 266; De Wet & Swanepoel, Strafreg, 3de uitg., bl. 91; South African Criminal Law and Procedure, deel 1, bl. 296. Om te beslis dat so 'n dader hom nie op die verweer van onmoontlikheid weens sy eie nalatigheid kan beroep nie, sou elemente van die leerstuk van A versari in re illicita, wat sedert S. v Van der Mescht, 1962 (1) SA 521, as strydig met ons regsbeginsels beskou word, herinvoer. Die dader sou dan as't ware vir die verdere misdaad gestraf word bloot omdat hy op moreel afkeurenswaardige wyse nalatig was. Dit is opvallend dat die gesag waarop gewoonlik gesteun word vir die houding dat die dader hom B nie op sy eie optrede kan beroep by die verweer van onmoontlikheid nie, voor S. v Van der Mescht, supra, beslis is, nl. R. v Close Settlement Corporation, 1922 AD te bl. 300. Wanneer die beskuldigde homself doelbewus weerhou van navraag is dit nie 'n geval dat hy hom op sy eie nalatige onbewustheid beroep nie - hy voorsien inderdaad die pleging of moontlike pleging van die misdryf maar verhoed dit opsetlik C nie en kan dit dus nie gesê word dat hy werklik onbewus was daarvan nie. Vgl. R. v Van den Berg, 1955 (2) SA op bl. 341. Indien appellant in die onderhawige geval hom nie op sy eie onbewustheid kan beroep nie, beteken dit in effek dat hy net op grond van sy nalatigheid skuldig bevind word aan 'n misdaad waarvan die vereiste skuldvorm (mens rea) D opset is, te wete poging tot bedrog. Dat 'n persoon aan 'n misdaad waarvoor opset vereis word skuldig bevind kan word weens sy blote nalatigheid is strydig met die hele wese van ons strafregstelsel. As die Wetgewer dit teweeg wou bring met art. 381 (5) sou hy dit in onomwonde en in ondubbelsinnige taal gesê het. Dit afwesigheid in die sinsnede "... nie kon verhoed nie" van 'n kwalifikasie soos byvoorbeeld, E "redelikerwyse" of "sonder eie nalatigheid" dui daarop dat die Wetgewer nie onbewustheid van die pleging van die misdryf weens eie nalatigheid as verweer op grond van onmoontlikheid wou uitskakel nie. Die toets bly subjektief: word dit op die feite bevind dat die beskuldigde die pleging van die misdryf nie kon verhoed nie weens sy werklike en eerlike onbewustheid daarvan, het hy homself van die bewyslas gekwyt, of hy nou F nalatig was al dan nie. So 'n interpretasie van art. 381 (5) maak nie die bepalings daarvan kragteloos nie maar is eintlik in pas met hierdie Hof se groter beklemtoning in onlangse jare dat gekyk moet word na 'n beskuldigde se eie subjektiewe gesindheid toe die wandaad begaan is (die wandaad in hierdie geval synde die mededirekteur se bedrog). Vgl. bv., G S. v Thomo en Andere, 1969 (1) SA te bl. 394B; S. v P., 1972 (3) SA te bl. 416F. Dit sal steeds afhang van die feite van elke geval of die Verhoorhof aanvaar dat die beskuldigde werklik onbewus was van die pleging van die misdryf en dit daarom nie kon verhoed nie. Wanneer die beskuldigde 'n blote...
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