S v Calitz
Jurisdiction | South Africa |
Citation | 1990 (1) SACR 119 (A) |
S v Calitz
1990 (1) SACR 119 (A)
1990 (1) SACR p119
Citation | 1990 (1) SACR 119 (A) |
Court | Appèlafdeling |
Judge | Eksteen AR |
Heard | September 4, 1989 |
Judgment | September 28, 1989 |
Counsel | W A van Deventer SC (bygestaan deur J K Wessels) namens die appellant |
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Algemene beginsels van aanspreeklikheid — Toerekeningsvatbaarheid — Tydelike nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid — Verweer van tydelike verstandelike beneweling ressorteer onder kategorie van nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid — Bewyslas, anders as by patologiese G versteuring, rus op die Staat — Alhoewel psigiatriese getuienis onmisbaar is waar Hof te make het met 'n geestesgebrek in die vorm van 'n patologiese versteuring, vervul dit nie so 'n onmisbare funksie waar nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid opgewerp word nie — Verhoorhof moet dan, op grond van die aanvaarde feite, besluit of aangevoerde verweer uitgemaak is — Beskuldigde het oorledene gedood gedurende 'n woedebui waarin hy verkeer het — Op die feite bevind dat woedebui sy H wilsbeheervermoë kon verminder het met die gevolg dat daar verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid aan beskuldigde toegeskryf kon word — Dus nie 'n oorweging by bepaling van strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid nie maar wel 'n oorweging by vonnisoplegging.
Headnote : Kopnota
Ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid kan te wyte wees aan 'n sieklike of I patologiese versteuring van die geestesvermoëns van 'n permanente of tydelike aard, of aan 'n nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid van 'n tydelike aard. Die verweer van 'tydelike verstandelike beneweling' ressorteer onder laasgenoemde kategorie, en die bewyslas in dié verband, anders as by 'n patologiese versteuring, rus op die Staat.
Waar die Hof te make het met 'n geestesongesteldheid of geestesgebrek in die vorm van 'n patologiese versteuring ten tyde van die pleeg van 'n J misdaad,
1990 (1) SACR p120
A vervul psigiatriese getuienis 'n onmisbare funksie, maar waar dit oor 'n nie-patologiese toestand ten tyde van die pleeg van 'n misdaad gaan, vervul die psigiatriese getuienis nie so 'n onmisbare funksie nie, omdat die Verhoorhof aan die hand van die aanvaarde feite self in staat is om te besluit of die aangevoerde verweer op al die getuienis uitgemaak is; en dit geld ook ten opsigte van die begrip van 'tydelike verstandelike B beneweling'.
Die appellant het op 'n aanklag van moord die verweer van ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid as gevolg van tydelike verstandelike beneweling, as gevolg van 'n woedebui waarin hy verkeer het ten tyde van die pleging van die aanranding wat tot die oorledene se dood gelei het, opgewerp. Die Verhoorhof het op die feite tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die appellant nie in 'n tydelike verstandelike beneweling verkeer C het nie, dat hy toerekeningsvatbaar was en dat die appellant met dolus eventualis gehandel het. Hy is derhalwe aan moord (met versagtende omstandighede) skuldig bevind. Die Hof het op appèl bevind dat die Verhoorhof, op die getuienis, geregtig was om tot voormelde gevolgtrekkinge te kom en dat die appèl teen die skuldigbevinding nie kon slaag nie. Die Hof het opgemerk dat die woedebui waarin die D appellant ten tyde van sy aanval op die oorledene verkeer het, sy wilsbeheervermoë wel kon verminder het, sodat daar 'n verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid aan hom toegeskryf kon word, maar dat dit egter nie 'n oorweging sou wees by die bepaling van strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid nie. Dit sou slegs 'n oorweging wees by die beoordeling van die bestaan van versagtende omstandighede en by vonnisoplegging.
E Die Hof het op appèl bevind dat daar geen gronde was om met die vonnis van 10 jaar gevangenisstraf in te meng nie. Die appèl is derhalwe van die hand gewys. F
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
General principles of liability — Criminal capacity — Temporary non-pathological incapacity — Defence of temporary mental incapacity falls in the category of non-pathological incapacity — Onus of proof, other than the position with pathological disturbance, rests on the State — Although psychiatric evidence indespensable where Court is dealing with G a mental defect in the form of a pathological disturbance, it does not fulfil such an indispensable function where non-pathological criminal incapacity is raised — Trial Court must then, on the basis of the accepted facts, decide whether the defence raised has been made out — Accused killing deceased whilst he was in a state of raging anger — Found on the facts that his fit of anger could have reduced his capacity for self-control with the result that diminished criminal responsibility H could be imputed to the accused — Thus not a consideration in the determination of criminal liability but a factor relevant to imposition of sentence.
Headnote : Kopnota
The absence of criminal capacity can be attributed to a morbid or pathological disturbance of the mental faculties of a permanent or temporary nature, or to a non-pathological criminal incapacity of a I temporary nature. The defence of temporary mental incapacity falls under this last-mentioned category, and the onus of proof in this connection, otherwise than in the case of a pathological disturbance, rests on the State.
Where the Court has to do with a mental disease or mental defect in the form of a pathological disturbance at the time of the commission of a crime, psychiatric evidence fulfils an indispensable function, but where the matter concerns a non-pathological condition at the time of the J commission of a
1990 (1) SACR p121
A crime, psychiatric evidence does not fulfil such an indispensable function because the trial Court is itself in a position, on the basis of the accepted facts, to decide whether the defence raised has on all the evidence been made out; and that applies also in respect of the concept of temporary mental incapacity.
The appellant had, on a charge of murder, raised the defence of lack of B criminal responsibility as a result of temporary mental incapacity as a result of his being in a state of raging anger at the time of the commission of the assault which led to the death of the deceased. The trial Court came to the conclusion on the facts that the appellant was not in a state of temporary mental incapacity at such time, that he was criminally responsible and that he acted with dolus eventualis. He was accordingly convicted of murder (with extenuating circumstances). The C Court on appeal found that the trial Court was, on the evidence, entitled to come to the aforementioned conclusions and that the appeal against the conviction could not succeed. The Court remarked that the fit of anger in which the appellant was at the time of his attack on the deceased could well have reduced his ability to control himself with the result that he could be regarded as having diminished criminal D responsibility, but that it was, however, not a consideration in the determination of his criminal liability. It would only be a consideration in the determination of the existence of extenuating circumstances and in the imposition of sentence.
The Court found on appeal that there were no grounds for interfering E with the sentence of 10 years' imprisonment. The appeal was accordingly dismissed.
Case Information
Appèl teen 'n skuldigbevinding en vonnis in die Hooggeregshof van Suidwes-Afrika (Strydom R). Die feite blyk uit die uitspraak van Eksteen AR.
W A van Deventer SC (bygestaan deur J K Wessels) namens die appellant het na die volgende gesag verwys: R v Ndhlovu1945 AD 369 op 386-7; R v F Kennedy1951 (4) SA 431 (A); S v Mahlinza1967 (1) SA 408 (A); S v Whitehead1970 (4) SA 424 (A); S v Makete1971 (4) SA 214 (T); S v P1972 (3) SA 412 (A) op 416B; S v Rabie1975 (4) SA 855 (A); S v Holder1979 (2) SA 70 (A); S v Chretien1981 (1) SA 1097 (A) op 1106; S v Bailey1982 (3) SA 772 (A) op 796C; S v Lesch1983 (1) SA 814 (O) op 823A-B, 824D; S v G Swanepoel1983 (1) SA 434 (A) op 456A-H; S v Van Vuuren1983 (1) SA 12 (A) op 17G-H; S v Stellmacher 1983 (2) SA 181 (SWA); S v Khumalo and Others1984 (3) SA 327 (A); S v Arnold1985 (3) SA 256 (K) op 263H-I; S v Ngubane1985 (3) SA 677 (A) op 685D-G; S v Campher1987 (1) SA 940 (A) op 955E-F, 956G-957A, 965A-B, 966G-I; S v Rapitsi1987 (4) SA 351 (A) op 358E-359H; S v Laubscher1988 (1) SA 163 (A) op 166H-I, 167F-G; S v N H 1988 (3) SA 460 (A); Burchell en Hunt South African Criminal Law and Procedure band 1 'General Principles' op 239 ev; Du Toit Straf in Suid-Afrika 1ste uitg op 258; Snyman Strafreg 2de uitg op 172-5.
Mev K Stroh namens die Staat het na die volgende gesag verwys: R v Ndhlovu1945 AD 369; R v S1958 (3) SA 102 (A); R v Harris1965 (2) SA 340 (A) op 364H-365A, 365B-C; S v Hlapezula1965 (4) SA 439 (A) op 444; S v Ivanisevic1967 (4) SA 572 (A) op 575; S v Mahlinza 1967 (1) SA I 408 (A) op 419A-C; S v Giannoulis 1967 (4) SA 867 (A); S v Makete1971 (4) SA 214 (T) op 215D-E; S v Rabie1975 (4) SA 855 (A); S v Pillay1977 (4) SA 531 (A); S v Chretien1981 (1) SA 1097 (A) op 1105F-G, 1106B-C, F-G; S v Bailey1982 (3) SA 772 (A) op 796C-D; S v Lesch1983 (1) SA 814 (O); S v Van Vuuren1983 (1) SA 12 (A) op 17G-H; S v Arnold1985 (3) SA 256 (K) op 264C; S v Adams1986 (4) SA 882 (A); S v J Pieters1987 (3) SA 717 (A) op 728B-C; S v Campher 1987 (1) SA
1990 (1) SACR p122
A 940 (A) op 951D-E, 954I-955A, 960E-G, 962A-C, 966G-I; S v Laubscher1988 (1) SA 163 (A) op 164F-G, 166H-I, 172E-173B; Verslag van die Kommissie van Ondersoek na die Toerekeningsvatbaarheid van Geestelik Versteurde Persone paras 9.19 en 9.26; Snyman 1985 SALJ 240 op 250-1; Snyman Strafreg 2de uitg op 206-7.
Cur adv vult. B
Postea (28 September 1989).
Judgment
Eksteen AR:
Die appellant, 'n sersant in die Suidwes-Afrikaanse Polisie, was gedurende Augustus 1986 die leier van 'n gemotoriseerde gevegsgroep C ...
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