S v Archer
| Jurisdiction | South Africa |
| Judgment Date | 01 June 1995 |
| Citation | 1995 (2) SACR 561 (O) |
S v Archer
1995 (2) SACR 561 (O)
1995 (2) SACR p561
|
Citation |
1995 (2) SACR 561 (O) |
|
Court |
Oranje-Vrystaatse Provinsiale Afdeling |
|
Judge |
Wright R |
|
Heard |
May 29, 1995 |
|
Judgment |
June 1, 1995 |
|
Counsel |
P Zietsman namens die appellant |
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
B Algemene beginsels van aanspreeklikheid — Mens rea- Statutêre misdrywe — Aanklag spruit uit beheerde ontploffing by myn — Beskuldigde onskuldig op hoofaanklag van strafbare manslag — Nalatigheid nie bewys nie — Skuldigbevind aan alternatiewe aanklag van oortreding van art 37(b) van Mineraalwet 50 van 1991 — Bewys van mens rea noodsaaklik vir C skuldigbevinding — Gevolge van handeling moet voorsienbaar wees — Sal nie ligtelik aanvaar word dat Wetgewer mens rea vereiste uitgesluit het nie — Artikel stel nalatige optrede wat lei tot liggaamlike letsels strafbaar — Sodanige optrede nie strafbaar as gemeenregtelike misdryf nie — Vir dieselfde rede waarom beskuldigde nie skuldig aan strafbare manslag ook D nie skuldig aan oortreding van art 37(b) nie — Geen nalatigheid bewys nie — Skuldigbevinding tersyde gestel en vervang met skuldigbevinding op tweede alternatiewe aanklag, naamlik oortreding van reg 2.15.4 uitgevaardig ingevolge die Wet op Myne en Bedrywe 27 van 1956. E
Headnote : Kopnota
Die appellant het in die streekhof tereggestaan op 'n aanklag van strafbare manslag. Die eerste alternatief tot hierdie aanklag was 'n aanklag van die oortreding van art 37(b) van die Mineraalwet 50 van 1991. 'n Tweede alternatiewe aanklag is ook gestel, naamlik die oortreding van reg 2.15.4, uitgevaardig ingevolge die Wet op Myne en Bedrywe 27 van 1956. F Die aanklag het gespruit uit die dood van 'n werker by die myn waar die appellant werksaam was. Die appellant was in beheer van die ondergrondse vernietiging van ou springstof. Die oorledene is dood nadat dele van 'n muur, in die omgewing van die ontploffing, verkrummel en op hom geval het. Die streekhof het bevind dat die appellant nie redelikerwys kon voorsien het dat die oorledene op die betrokke tydstip op die betrokke plek sou G wees nie. Die appellant is gevolglik vrygespreek op die hoofaanklag. Op die eerste alternatiewe aanklag is die appellant egter skuldig bevind. Teen hierdie beslissing is geappelleer.
Artikel 37(b) van die Mineraalwet het bepaal dat enige nalatige handeling of versuim, wat lei tot ernstige liggaamlike letsels in of by 'n myn, strafbaar gestel word. Die Hof het die artikel eng uitgelê en beslis dat H dit nie ligtelik aanvaar sal word dat die Wetgewer bedoel het om mens rea as vereiste uit te sluit nie. Die Hof het bevind dat nalatigheid wel 'n element van die misdryf is. Voorts is bevind dat veroorsaking van die letsel deel van die misdaad is, en dat daar geen nalatigheid kan wees as die gevolg nie voorsienbaar was nie. Gemeenregtelik is die nalatige veroorsaking van ernstige liggaamlike letsels nie 'n misdryf nie. Deur art 37(b) wou die Wetgewer, in die mynbedryf, ook die nalatige I veroorsaking van ernstige liggaamlike letsels strafbaar stel. Om dieselfde redes waarom die appellant onskuldig bevind is aan strafbare manslag, moes hy ook onskuldig bevind word aan die oortreding van art 37(b). Soos met voorsienbaarheid van dood by strafbare manslag, was dit 'n vereiste dat die appellant die veroorsaking van ernstige liggaamlike letsels moes voorsien het. Die skuldigbevinding op grond van art 37(b) is gevolglik tersyde gestel. Die Hof het voorts ondersoek of 'n J skuldigbevinding op die tweede alternatiewe
1995 (2) SACR p562
A aanklag nie kon volg nie. Die betrokke regulasie het bepaal dat elke skofbaas, soos die appellant ook was, redelike maatreëls moes tref om die veiligheid van werkers te verseker. Hierdie maatreëls het, onder die appellant se omstandighede, ingehou dat die oppervlakte rondom die beheerde ontploffing goed natgespuit moes wees en dat nie meer as die voorgestelde hoeveelheid springstof op een slag ontplof moes word nie. Op B die feite is beslis dat die appellant nie aan hierdie maatreëls voldoen het nie en hy is gevolglik skuldig bevind aan die tweede alternatiewe aanklag. Die vonnis is dienooreenkomstig gewysig.
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
C General principles of liability — Mens rea- Statutory offences — Charge arising out of controlled explosion at mine — Accused acquitted on main count of culpable homicide — Negligence not proved — Accused convicted of alternative count of contravention of s 37(b) of Minerals Act 50 of 1991 — Proof of mens rea essential for conviction — Consequences of act had to be D foreseeable — Would not lightly be accepted that Legislature excluded mens rearequirement — Section 37(b) rendering negligent act leading to physical injuries punishable — Such conduct not punishable as common law crime — For same reason why accused not convicted of culpable homicide, could also not be convicted of contravention of s 37(b) — No negligence proved — E Conviction set aside and replaced with conviction of second alternative, namely contravention of reg 2.15.4 promulgated in terms of Mines and Works Act 27 of 1956.
Headnote : Kopnota
The appellant appeared in the regional court on a charge of culpable homicide. The first alternative to this charge was a charge of F contravening s 37(b) of the Minerals Act 50 of 1991. A second alternative charge was also preferred, namely the contravention of reg 2.15.4, of the regulations promulgated in terms of the Mines and Works Act 27 of 1956. The charge arose out of the death of a worker at the mine where the appellant was employed. The appellant was in control of the underground destruction of old explosives. The deceased died when parts of a wall, in G the area where the explosion took place, crumbled and fell on top of him. The regional court held that the appellant could not reasonably have foreseen that the deceased would have been at that particular place at the relevant time. The appellant was accordingly acquitted on the main count. The appellant was however convicted on the first alternative count. An appeal was noted against this finding.
H Section 37(b) of the Minerals Act provided that any negligent act or omission which resulted in serious physical harm in or at a mine was an offence. The Court interpreted the section strictly and held that it would not lightly be accepted that the Legislature had intended to exclude mens rea as a requirement. The Court held that negligence was an element of the offence. It was further held that the cause of the harm was part I of the offence and that there could be no negligence if the result was not foreseeable. In common law the negligent causing of serious physical harm was not an offence. In enacting s 37(b), the Legislature wished to render punishable the negligent causing of serious physical harm. For the same reasons why the accused had been acquitted of culpable homicide he had also to be acquitted of the contravention of s 37(b). As with foreseeability of death with respect to culpable homicide, it was a J requirement that the appellant had to have foreseen the
1995 (2) SACR p563
A causing of serious physical harm. The conviction on s 37(b) was accordingly set aside. The Court further investigated whether a conviction on the second alternative count could not ensue. The relevant regulation provided that every shift boss, such as the appellant, had to take reasonable measures to ensure the safety of workers. These measures entailed, in the appellant's circumstances, that the surface around the controlled explosion had to have been well wetted and that not more than B the prescribed amount of explosives could be exploded at one time. On the facts it was held that the appellant had not complied with these measures and he was accordingly convicted on the second alternative count. The sentence was adjusted accordingly. C
Case Information
Appèl teen 'n skuldigbevinding in 'n streekhof.
P Zietsman namens die appellant.
J Botha namens die Staat.
Cur adv vult.
Postea (1 Junie 1995). D
Judgment
Wright R:
Die appellant het in die streekhof tereggestaan op die volgende aanklagte:
Hoofaanklag: Strafbare manslag.
E Eerste alternatiewe aanklag: Oortreding van art 37(b) gelees met art 60(1)(a)(vi) en art 61(1)(f) van die Mineraalwet 50 van 1991.
Tweede alternatiewe aanklag: Oortreding van reg 2.15.4 gelees met reg 1 van die regulasies uitgevaardig kragtens art 12 van die Wet op Myne en Bedrywe 27 van 1956 en verder saamgelees met art 60(2) van die gemelde Wet 50 van 1991.
F Die appellant is onskuldig bevind ten aansien van die hoofaanklag maar skuldig bevind aan die eerste alternatiewe aanklag, dws die verrigting van 'n nalatige handeling, of 'n nalatige versuim, waardeur 'n ernstige liggaamlike letsel aan 'n persoon in of by 'n myn veroorsaak is. Die feite van die saak, wat grotendeels gemenesaak is, is nie van ingewikkelde G aard nie. Die appellant was op 1 September 1993 in sy hoedanigheid as skofbaas by die Lorraine-goudmyn in die distrik van Odendaalsrus besig met die ondergrondse vernietiging van ou springstof. Die vernietiging het by 'n spesifieke ondergrondse area geskied deurdat die ou springstof deur middel van 'n brandtou aan die brand gesteek is en dit dan ontplof het. H In die omgewing waar die ontploffing plaasgevind het, was 'n geboude muur wat as gevolg van die krag van die ontploffing 'uitgeblaas' is. Die oorledene, Tsedisa Majela, was ten tyde van die ontploffing om een of ander rede in die onmiddellike nabyheid van die gesegde muur, en is hy toe noodlottig beseer deurdat sy skedel vergruis is omdat die muur of dele daarvan op hom geval het.
I Die streeklanddros het die appellant onskuldig bevind aan manslag omdat hy tot die gevolgtrekking gekom het dat die appellant nie redelikerwys kon voorsien het dat die oorledene op dié betrokke tydstip en op dié betrokke plek...
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