’n Perdepaspoort, logboek, mantel of die invecta et illata in huureiendom is geen objekte van ’n retensiereg van die besitter nie

Citation2024 TSAR 222
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a2
Published date03 April 2024
Pages222-246
AuthorSonnekus, J.C.
Date03 April 2024
TSAR 2024 . 2 [ISSN 0257 – 7747]
222
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a2
’n Perdepaspoort, logboek, mantel of die
invecta et illata in huureiendom is geen objekte
van ’n retensiereg van die besitter nie
JC SON NEKUS*
SUMMARY
A HORSE PASSPORT, LOGBOOK, COAT OR THE INVECTA ET ILLATA IN RENTED
PROPERTY ARE NOT OBJECTS OF A LIEN OF THE HOLDER
A retentor derives no re al security right f rom either an obligatory ag reement or a real agreement w ith
the owner of the th ing he is retaini ng under his lien. T herefore he is not on the same foot ing as the holder
of a right of hypothec , mortgage or pledge who is in possession of t he thing of another as holder of a
limited rig ht of real security. With the exc eption of the pledgee with an a dditional entitleme nt agreed to
by the pledgor to use th e object of the pledge (pactum antichreseos), it is commo n to all the said limite d
real securit y gures that the retainer derive s no entitlement to take advantage of the property of anothe r
in his possession. However, notwithst anding the fact that he may derive no benet from his withholding
of the object, he is resp onsible for preservi ng the object against d amage or risk at his ow n expense as the
de facto custodian of the objec t, although no agreeme nt of bailment came about.
It would be wrong to assume randomly that all examples of rightful retention of another’s goods
are examples of liens. It may also be the entitlement of a limited real security r ight such as the tacit
hypothec of a land lord or patron of a restaur ant. The ius retentionis of the holder of a lien is m erely the
limited ent itlement of the creditor without any pr eceding agreement betwe en the owner of the object
being retai ned and the creditor ent itling the latter to r etain it as long as the owne r as debtor is in default
of paying his dues t o the holder of the lien for costs i ncurred by the lat ter regarding t he object of the lien.
No lien comes into play u nless the requir ed nexus exists rega rding the partie s involved and the object
retained. I n contrast, in the cas es of a tacit hypothec of a landlor d or innkeeper, there is n o question of
any coherence or nex us between the claim of the la ndlord to the invecta et illata or ho tel-keeper to the
coat of the guest as c reditor and the object bei ng retained.
Subject to special s tatutory reg ulation, no limite d real security r ight can be establis hed on an integral
part of a thin g. Only a thing that meet s all the requireme nts as an object of a real right ca n be the object
of a real right and th is also applies to a li mited real right. Poss ession of a thing requi res exclusive control
over it and not simply posse ssion of an integral par t or symbol of the object of the debtor’s real right of
ownership if the object is classied as a movable. Possession is, however, no requirement for a derivative
mode of acquisition of a re al right on immovable proper ty. It is submitted that mere posse ssion of the
passport of a horse or the logbook of an aeroplane does not sufce a s symbolic possession of the horse
or the aeroplane.
Withholding part of the due perfor mance under a reciprocal agreement until the counterparty has
fully perfo rmed or because by ag reement the debtor w ishes eg to occupy the new hou se for three month s
to see what defects i n the construction come s to light before delivering the ag reed retention money to
the builder, is no exa mple of a lien. The retain ing of the agreed por tion of the nal perfor mance by the
mandator is neit her an entitlement of a limite d real right nor a lien. This is pa rt of the agreed term s of
the building co ntract and any attempt by t he creditor to compel perfor mance before the condition ha d
been met can be aver ted with the exceptio non adimpleti contractus.
*Professor in Privaatreg, Universiteit van Johannesburg.
2024 TSAR 222
© Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a2
PERDEPASPOORT, LOGBOEK, MANTEL OF INVECTA ET ILLATA GEEN RETENSIE-OBJEKTE NIE 223
[ISSN 0257 – 7747]TSAR 2024 . 2
1 Inleiding
Die retentor geniet ’n besondere posisie in die siviele regstelsels wat op
Romeinsregtelike beginsels gebaseer is.1 Die retentor het geen saaklike seker-
heidsreg ontleen aan ’n verbintenisskeppende én ’n saaklike ooreenkoms met
die eienaar van die saak nie en staan dus gemeenregtelik nie op dieselfde voet
as ’n hipoteek-, verband- of pandreghebbende as houer van ’n beperkte saaklike
sekerheidsreg nie.2 Desondanks word sy gedrag nieteenstaande die onderliggende
eierigting waa rmee hy homself die voortgesett e beheer oor anderma nsgoed toegeëien
het, wel gedoog in die verbandhoudende regstelsels mits voldoen word aan ál die
vereistes wat vir hierdie ter ughoudingsbevoegdheid gestel word.3 Met uitsonder ing
van die pandhouer met ’n bedonge gebruikspand (pactum antichreseos), is dit
gemeen aa n ál die gemelde sekerheidsgure dat d ie ter ughouer geen bevoegdheid
aan sy terug houding ontleen om die saak van ’n ander in sy besit te benut nie. Hy is
egter, nieteensta ande die feit dat hy geen baat uit sy terughouding van die sa ak mag
trek nie, verantwoordeli k om op eie koste as bewaarhouer die saak teen beska diging
te b ewaar.4
Dit is verkeerd om lukraak te aanvaar dat alle voorbeelde waar deur die reg die
eiegeregtigde se terughouding van andermansgoed gedoog word,5 voorbeelde
van retensieregte is. Dit kan ook die inhoudsbevoegdheid van ’n beperkte saaklike
sekerheidsreg soos ’n stilswyende hipoteek van ’n verhuurder of uitbater van ’n
restaurant wees.
In hierdie bydrae word die voorgaande beginsels soos veranker in die toepaslike
regsnorme toegelig aan die hand van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en die gemenereg.
Ook in die toekoms moet die privaatreg daartoe bydra om ’n billike belange-
afweging te bewerkstellig tussen regtens beskermingswaardige belange ten einde
die gemeenskap vreed saam te orden.
2 Verwarring van retensiereg me t stilswyende hipoteek
Die aanname van som mige juriste dat met verwysi ng na byvoorbeeld Johannes Voet
as ou-skrywer van die Oud-Vaderlandsreg aanvaar mag word dat die stilsw yende
1 In hierdie bespreking van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word ter stawing van tyd tot tyd regsvergelykend
verwys na die regsposisie in die Duitse, Switserse, Belgiese en Nederlandse reg.
2 Sien Sagaert Goederenrecht (2021) 40 n 37 en “De krachtlijnen van het nieuwe Belgische goederenrecht:
een paringsdans met het Nederlandse goederenrecht” 2021 NTBR 136 n 22 oor die posisie in die
Belgiese reg waar sedert die inwerkingtreding van die Pandwet op 1 Jan 2018 wel gereël word dat die
retensiereg ’n beperkte saaklike sekerheidsreg is, waaroor voorheen ernstige meningsverskil bestaan
het.
3 Geen mala de possessor geniet bv beskerming as retentor indien sy aanvanklike toe-eiening van
die saak spolie daarstel nie – sien ook vir die Nederlandse reg Van Mierlo en Krzeminski Asser
Zekerheidsrechten 3-VI (2020) §§ 501 en 519; Van Schaick Rechtsgevolgen en Functies van Bezit en
Houderschap (2015) §§ 40, 44 en 61; Fesevur Voorrechten en Retentierecht (2017) § 17.a.
4 Die nienakoming van sy verpligtinge is die bewaarhouer reeds in die klassieke Romeinse reg ernstig
toegereken en besoek met eerloosheid – soos trouens ook die geval was by alle verhoudings gebaseer
op goeie trou soos societas, mandatum, ducia en depositum – sien Kaser I Das Römische Privatrecht
– Das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht (1971) § 64.3.2 op 274 en 534-536 n 13.
5 Hieronder (par 10) word kortliks verwys na die suksesvolle beroep deur ’n prestasieskuldenaar op
die exceptio non adimpleti contractus as verweer by ’n sinallagmatiese ooreenkoms. Hoewel die
verweerder hiermee ’n vordering om uitlewering van sy eie prestasie soos gevorder deur die eiser kan
afweer, het dit niks gemeen met enige erkende sekerheidsguur nie en het geen besondere waarde in ’n
eksekusieproses nie. Dit dien nie in daardie sin ter versterking van ’n onderliggende vorderingsreg nie,
maar tog kan die tersake kontraksparty sy eie prestasie terughou totdat die ander party ten volle aan die
bedonge wederkerige ooreenkoms voldoen het.
© Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd

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