Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk
| Jurisdiction | South Africa |
| Judgment Date | 19 March 1974 |
| Citation | 1974 (3) SA 53 (A) |
Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk
1974 (3) SA 53 (A)
1974 (3) SA p53
|
Citation |
1974 (3) SA 53 (A) |
|
Court |
Appèlafdeling |
|
Judge |
Rumpff AR, Holmes AR, Jansen AR, Rabie AR en Muller AR |
|
Heard |
November 29, 1973; March 14, 1974 |
|
Judgment |
March 19, 1974 |
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Nalatigheid — Laaste geleentheidsreël — Kan nie toegepas word in sake waar skade deur gelyktydige nalatigheid veroorsaak is nie — Quaere: Of dit toegepas kan word in sake waar die betrokke persone nie mekaar voor die botsing gesien het nie.
Headnote : Kopnota
Die laaste geleentheidsreël kan nie, uit die aard van die saak, toegepas word in gevalle waar skade deur die gelyktydige nalatigheid van die betrokke partye veroorsaak is nie.
In 'n aksie vir skadevergoeding vir nalatige bestuur deur die afhanklikes van 'n oorlede motorbestuurder teen die versekeraar van 'n vragwa ingestel, het dit geblyk dat die vragwabestuurder stadig agteruit gery het sonder om te kyk terwyl die oorlede motorbestuurder hom teen spoed genader het van ongeveer 'n kwart myl agter die vragwa en met die agterkant van die vragwa gebots het. In hoër beroep nadat die Verhoorhof beslis het dat die oorledene se nalatigheid die onmiddellike oorsaak van die botsing was en absolusie van die instansie toegestaan het,
Beslis dat die gesamentlike nalatigheid van die bestuurders die oorsaak van die botsing was en dat die versekeraar aanspreeklik was (MULLER, A.R., afwykend).
Quaere: Of dit geoorloof is om die laaste geleentheidsreël toe te pas in 'n geval waar die betrokke persone mekaar voor die botsing nie gesien het nie, aangesien die reël in so 'n geval op 'n veronderstelling berus wat met die ware feite strydig is, naamlik dat hulle gesien het wat hulle inderdaad nie gesien het nie.
Die beslissing in die Transvaalse Provinsiale Afdeling in Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk., omvergewerp.
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Negligence — Last opportunity rule — Cannot be applied in cases where damage is caused by simultaneous negligence — Quaere: Whether it can be applied in cases in which the persons concerned did not see each other before the collision.
Headnote : Kopnota
The last opportunity rule cannot, in the nature of things, be applied in cases where damage is caused by the simultaneous negligence of the parties concerned.
In an action for damages for negligent driving brought by the dependants of a deceased motor driver against the insurer of a lorry, it appeared that the driver of the lorry had been slowly reversing without looking whilst the deceased motor driver had come up from about a quarter of a mile behind the lorry at speed and collided with the back of the lorry. The trial Court having held that the deceased's negligence was the proximate cause of the collision and having granted absolution from the instance, in an appeal,
Held, that the joint negligence of the drivers was the cause of the collision and that the insurer was liable (MULLER, J.A., dissenting).
1974 (3) SA p54
Quaere: Whether it is permissible to apply the last opportunity rule in a case in which the persons concerned did not see each other before the collision, seeing that the rule in such a case rests on an assumption which is in conflict with the true facts, namely that they saw that which in fact they did not see.
The decision in the Transvaal Provincial Division in Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk., reversed.
Case Information
Appèl teen 'n beslissing in die Transvaalse Provinsiale Afdeling (SNYMAN, R.). Feite wat nie van belang is nie is weggelaat.
J. H. Coetzee, namens die appellante: Die Howe het die hardheid van die bydraende nalatigheid reël afgewater deur gebruik te B maak van die laaste geleentheidsreël. Kyk Coetzee v Van Rensburg, 1954 (4) SA te bl. 670A - C. Net so word dit gevind in die stelling van WATERMEYER, H.R., in Pierce v Hau Mon, 1944 AD op bl. 196. Suid - Afrikaanse reg het die laaste geleentheidsreël van die Englese reg oorgeneem en alhoewel hierdie reël vele kere gekritiseer is, is dit nogtans C deur ons Howe toegepas. Sien, bv., Moore v Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, 1949 (1) SA 827; McKerron, Apportionment of Damages Act, 1956, bl. 2 en 3. Die appellante is 'n onskuldige derde party en die bydraende nalatigheid, indien enige, van die oorledene kan haar nie toegereken word nie omrede daar geen D culpa aan haar kant is nie. Sien Union Government v Lee, 1927 AD op bl. 223. Die dicta in Taljaard v Potgieter, 1964 (4) SA op bl. 616, is van toepassing op die instante geval. Daar kan geensins beslis word of daar 'n laaste geleentheid was vir enige bestuurder om die botsing te vermy wanneer die nalatigheid van beide bestuurders 'n oorsaak was wat aangehou het tot en met die botsing. Sien Franco v Klug, 1940 AD op E bl. 136; Pierce v Hau Mon, supra op bl. 220. Die nalatigheid van beide bestuurders bestaan in hulle versuim totdat dit te laat was om iets te doen om die botsing te vermy. Dit sou beteken dat geeneen van die bestuurders die ander kragtens die gemenereg kon aanspreek nie. Bezuidenhout v Dippenaar, 1943 AD op bl. 195; Sutherland v Banwell, 1938 AD op bl. 484.
A. P. Kruger, namens die respondent: Die gewysdes toon dat wanneer gebeure in oënskou geneem word om te besluit wie, indien enigeen, die laaste geleentheid gehad het om die gevaar te vermy of om, soos dit ook gestel word, vas te stel wie se nalatigheid inderdaad die skade ten gevolg gehad het dit geoorloof is om te bevind dat die nalatigheid van een van die G daders nie meer aktief bydraend tot die skade was nie op 'n tydstip toe die ander dader, indien hy nie nalatig was nie die gevaar sou kon vermy het. Kyk Moore v Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, 1949 (1) SA 815; Coetzee v Van Rensburg, 1954 (4) SA te bl. 620A; Pierce v Hau Mon, 1944 AD te bl. 190 - 193. Dit is duidelik dat die oorledene vinnig vorentoe gery H het en die bestuurder van die versekerde voertuig het stadig agteruitgestoot. Union Government v Lee, 1927 AD 202, is nie gesag vir die stelling waarvoor dit aangehaal F
1974 (3) SA p55
is nie. Op datum van die botsing, 12 November 1970, was 'n eis van 'n afhanklike nog te besleg volgens die gemenereg. Kyk Wilson v South African Railways & Harbours, 1940 NPD 509; The Law of Compulsory Motor Vehicle Insurance, Gordon and Odes, 2de uitg., bl. 130; McKerron, The Law of Delict, 6de uitg., bl. A 63, 139 en 269; 7de uitg., bl., 66, 149; Hahlo en Kahn, The Union of South Africa, bl. 519; Cooper en Bamford, South African Motor Law, bl. 268; Macintosh en Scoble, Negligence in Delict, 5de uitg., bl. 76, 271; art. 1 van Wet 34 van 1956; art. 1 (a) van Wet 58 van 1971; Boberg se kommentaar op The Apportionment of Damages Amendment Act, bl. 19 en 20 (in Desember 1971 deur Juta Beperk gepubliseer); Morrison v South B African Railways & Harbours, 1948 (3) SA op bl. 215. In Prinsloo v Pauley, 1946 AD 518, het 'n bestuurder in 'n deurstraat gery en het 'n ander motoris wat in die verkeerde rigting in 'n een-rigting straat gery het, die deurstraat probeer kruis. So ook in Wessels v Johannesburg Municipality, C 1971 (1) SA op bl. 483A - D; Taljaard v Potgieter, 1964 (4) SA 613.
Appellante gaan van die standpunt af uit dat die nalatigheid van beide bestuurders gesamentlik was en onskeibaar bydraend tot die skade, maar dit is juis die vraag wat ondersoek moet word en wat die Agbare Verhoorregter wel ondersoek het. Die aangehaalde gewysdes, nl.: Franco v Klug, 1940 AD 126; D Pierce v Hau Mon, supra: Bezuidenhout v Dippenaar, 1943 AD 190; Sutherland v Banwell, 1938 AD 484, is maar net voorbeelde van bevindings op besondere feite van gesamentlike nalatigheid. Dat die Agbare Regter a quo se benadering regtens suiwer was blyk ook uit Van der Westhuizen and Another v SA Liberal Insurance Co. Ltd., 1949 (3) SA op bl. 175.
Coetzee, in repliek. E
Cur adv vult.
Postea (Maart 19). F
Judgment
Rabie, A.R.:
Dit is 'n appèl teen 'n bevel van absolusie van die instansie met koste wat in die Transvaalse Provinsiale Afdeling deur SNYMAN, R., uitgereik is in 'n aksie wat appellante namens haarself en haar minderjarige seun, Hein Glas...
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...of negligence in the abstract, it has not been shown that he was causatively negligent. Kleinhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk., H 1974 (3) SA 53. It is conceded that, if Boy-Boy acted negligently, his degree of negligence falls to be assessed as if he were an adult. If Boy-Boy was n......
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Noakes v Oudtshoorn Municipality
...cause of the collision. The onus of proving such contention lay upon defendant. See E Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk 1974 (3) SA 53 (A) at 56H - 57A. Defendant clearly succeeded in establishing that Mr Viviers was negligent and that his negligence was a cause of the collision......
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Knoetze v Rondalia Versekeringsmaatskappy van SA Bpk
...Insurance Co of SA Ltd 1976 (4) SA te 695F; S v Motau 1968 (4) SA te 677C - H. Vgl C Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk 1974 (3) SA 53; Nogude v Union and South-West Africa Insurance Co Ltd 1975 (3) SA 685; Roxa v Mtshayi 1975 (3) SA 761; Rondalia Versekeringskorporasie van SA Bp......
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Nkuta v Santam Assuransie Maatskappy Bpk
...163; Grobbelaar v. B Federated Employers Insurance Co. Ltd. and Another, 1974 (2) SA 225; Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk., 1974 (3) SA 53; Bekker v Du Toit, 1974 (3) SA at p. 250D - G; Cramer v Afdelingsraad Vryburg, 1974 (3) SA 252. But see Fig Brothers (Pty.) Ltd. v S.A.R. ......
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Roxa v Mtshayi
...of negligence in the abstract, it has not been shown that he was causatively negligent. Kleinhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk., H 1974 (3) SA 53. It is conceded that, if Boy-Boy acted negligently, his degree of negligence falls to be assessed as if he were an adult. If Boy-Boy was n......
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Noakes v Oudtshoorn Municipality
...cause of the collision. The onus of proving such contention lay upon defendant. See E Kleynhans v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk 1974 (3) SA 53 (A) at 56H - 57A. Defendant clearly succeeded in establishing that Mr Viviers was negligent and that his negligence was a cause of the collision......