Davids en Andere v Absa Bank Bpk
| Jurisdiction | South Africa |
| Judgment Date | 19 April 2004 |
| Citation | 2005 (3) SA 361 (C) |
Davids en Andere v Absa Bank Bpk
2005 (3) SA 361 (C)
2005 (3) SA p361
|
Citation |
2005 (3) SA 361 (C) |
|
Case No |
A15/03 |
|
Court |
Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling |
|
Judge |
Knoll R, Fourie R en Bozalek R |
|
Heard |
February 6, 2004 |
|
Judgment |
April 19, 2004 |
|
Counsel |
H E de la Rey namens die appellante. |
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde C
Kontrak — Consensus — Dwaling — Iustus error — Dwaling oor aard en inhoud van kontrak — Ondertekenaars van borgaktes D onder indruk dat akte beperk was terwyl hulle inderdaad van onbeperkte omvang was — Of ondertekenaars op hul dwaling kan staatmaak — Bankamptenaar het versuim om borgaktes te E verduidelik — Redelike persoon in sy posisie sou dit wel gedoen het — Redelike persoon sou daarom nie deur ondertekening van betrokke borgaktes mislei wees om te glo dat inhoud daarvan ware bedoeling van ondertekenaars korrek weergegee het nie — Openbare belang verg dat moeilik verstaanbare dokumente soos borgaktes aan ondertekenaar verduidelik word, veral waar ondertekening drastiese gevolge mag hê. F
Headnote : Kopnota
Die respondent se skuldoorsaak was gegrond op onbeperkte skriftelike borgaktes wat die appellante by 'n tak van die respondent onderteken het. Die appellante het erken dat hulle die gemelde borgaktes onderteken het, maar het aangevoer dat dit 'n G uitdruklike beding van 'n voorafgaande mondelinge ooreenkoms tussen respondent en appellante was dat appellante se totale aanspreeklikheid beperk sou wees tot 'n bedrag van R50 000. Die appellante het ook beweer dat hulle die onderskeie borgaktes onderteken het in die bona fide, maar foutiewe geloof dat dit die ooreenkoms tussen die partye behoorlik weergegee het, terwyl die H borgaktes, strydig met sodanige ooreenkoms, van onbeperkte omvang was. Die appellante het derhalwe aangevoer dat die betrokke borgaktes nietig, alternatiewelik vernietigbaar was.
Beslis, dat die appellante inderdaad gedwaal het oor die inhoud van die bepaalde borgaktes en dat hierdie dwaling dissensus tot gevolg gehad het. (Paragrawe [8], [18] en [19] op 365H en 369C - E.) I
Beslis, verder, dat die redelike persoon in die posisie van die bankamptenaar, teenwoordig toe elk van die appellante hul borgakte onderteken het en welwetende dat appellante nie betrokke was by die onderhandelinge met respondent wat die ondertekening van die borgaktes voorafgegaan het nie, nie mislei sou gewees het om te glo dat appellante deur die ondertekening van die borgaktes bedoel het om hulle onbeperk te verbind nie. Die redelike persoon sou in die gegewe omstandighede die aard en inhoud van die J
2005 (3) SA p362
betrokke borgaktes aan die appellante verduidelik het ten einde te verseker dat hul ware bedoeling A korrek daarin weergegee is. Die betrokke bankamptenaar het versuim om dit te doen en daarom sou die redelike persoon nie deur appellante se ondertekening van die betrokke borgaktes mislei gewees het om te glo dat die inhoud van die betrokke borgaktes die ware bedoeling van die appellante korrek weergegee het nie. (Paragraaf [23] op 370I - 371B.) B
Beslis, verder, dat die openbare belang geverg het dat 'n uiters moeilik verstaanbare dokument van hierdie aard, veral waar die ondertekening daarvan drastiese gevolge kon hê, aan die persoon wat dit moes onderteken, verduidelik moes word. (Paragraaf [24] op 371F - H.)
Beslis, gevolglik, dat die appèl moes slaag en dat die eis teen die appellante van die hand gewys moes word. (Paragraaf [26] op 371J - 372A.) C
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Contract — Consensus — Mistake — Iustus error — Mistake about nature and content of contract — Signatories of deeds of suretyship under impression that deeds limited whereas in fact of unlimited ambit — Whether signatories entitled to rely on their D mistake — Bank official having failed to explain nature and content of deeds — Reasonable person in his position would have done so — Reasonable person would thus not have been misled into believing that content of deeds reflecting true intention of signatories — Public interest demanding that complicated documents such as deeds of suretyship be explained to signatories, particularly where signing might have drastic consequences. E
Headnote : Kopnota
The respondent's cause of action was based on unlimited deeds of suretyship signed by the appellants at a branch of the respondent. The appellants admitted that they had signed the deeds of suretyship but contended that it was an explicit term of a prior oral agreement between the respondent and the appellants that the F appellants' total liability would be limited to an amount of R50 000. The appellants also asserted that they had signed the respective deeds of suretyship in the bona fide but mistaken belief that it had encapsulated the agreement reached between the parties, whereas the deeds of suretyship had, contrary to such agreement, an unlimited ambit. The appellants accordingly had maintained that the deeds of suretyship were void, or in the alternative, voidable. G
Held, that the appellants had indeed erred with regard to the contents of the specific deeds of suretyship and that this error had led to dissensus. (Paragraphs [8], [18] and [19] at 365H and 369C - E.)
Held, further, that the reasonable person in the position of the bank official, who had been present when each of the appellants had signed their deeds of suretyship and knew that the appellants had not H been involved in the negotiations that preceded the signing of the deeds, would not have been misled into believing that the appellants by their signature of the deeds intended to bind themselves for an unlimited amount. The reasonable person would have explained the nature and content of the deeds to the appellants so as to ensure that they reflected the appellants' true intention. The official failed to do so and a reasonable person would thus not have been misled into believing that the content of the deeds reflected the appellants' true intention. (Paragraph [23] at 370I - 371B.) I
Held, further, that public interest demanded that a complicated document of this nature had to be explained to the signatory, especially where the signing thereof could have such drastic consequences. (Paragraph [24] at 371F - H.) J
2005 (3) SA p363
Held, accordingly, that the appeal had to succeed and the A claim against the appellants dismissed. (Paragraph [26] at 371J - 372A.)
Cases Considered
Annotations
Gerapporteerde sake/Reported cases
Eerste Nasionale Bank van Suidelike Afrika Bpk v Saayman NO 1997 (4) SA 302 (HHA): na verwys/referred B to
George v Fairmead (Pty) Ltd 1958 (2) SA 465 (A): na verwys/referred to
National and Overseas Distributors Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Potato Board 1958 (2) SA 473 (A): na verwys/referred to
Prins v Absa Bank Ltd 1998 (3) SA 904 (K): na verwys/referred to
Sentrachem Bpk v Wenhold 1995 (4) SA 312 (A): toegepas/applied C
Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597: na verwys/referred to
Sonap Petroleum (SA) (Pty) Ltd (formerly known as Sonarep (SA) (Pty) Ltd) v Pappadogianis 1992 (3) SA 234 (A): gevolg/followed
South African Railways and Harbours v National Bank of South Africa Ltd 1924 AD 704: na verwys/referred to D
Trust Bank of Africa Ltd v Frysch 1977 (3) SA 562 (A): toegepas/applied.
Case Information
Appèl teen 'n beslissing van 'n landdroshof. Die feite blyk uit die uitspraak.
H E de la Rey namens die appellante. E
T le Roux namens die respondent.
Cur adv vult.
Postea (April 19).
Judgment
Fourie R: F
Inleiding
[1] Die respondent het in die Bellville landdroshof aksie ingestel teen die drie appellante en ene Anthony Daniel Klaasen (Klaasen), gesamentlik en afsonderlik, vir betaling van die bedrag van R359 009,69, tesame met rente en koste op die skaal soos tussen G prokureur en kliënt. Die appellante en Klaasen het die aksie bestry, maar by die aanhoor daarvan op 10 September 2002, was Klaasen in verstek en het die landdros vonnis by verstek teen hom toegestaan. Die verhoor van die aksie teen die appellante het voortgegaan en na die aanhoor van mondelinge getuienis, het die landdros vonnis teen appellante gesamentlik en afsonderlik toegestaan, soos aangevra deur H respondent. Die appellante kom nou in hoër beroep teen die vonnis van die landdros en die bevel ten aansien van koste.
Pleitstukke I
[2] Die respondent se skuldoorsaak word gegrond op onbeperkte skriftelike borgaktes wat die appellante op 26 Maart 1998 by die Bellville tak van respondent onderteken het. Die appellante erken dat hulle die gemelde borgaktes onderteken het, maar voer aan dat dit 'n uitdruklike beding van 'n voorafgaande mondelinge ooreenkoms tussen respondent J
2005 (3) SA p364
Fourie R
en appellante was dat appellante se totale aanspreeklikheid beperk sou wees tot 'n bedrag van R50 000. A Appellante beweer voorts dat hulle die onderskeie borgaktes onderteken het in die bona fide, maar foutiewe geloof dat dit die ooreenkoms tussen die partye behoorlik weergee, terwyl die borgaktes, strydig met sodanige ooreenkoms, van onbeperkte omvang was. Appellante voer derhalwe aan dat die betrokke borgaktes nietig, alternatiewelik vernietigbaar is. B
[3] Die appellante se verweerskrif is geen toonbeeld van duidelikheid nie. Aanvanklik wil dit voorkom of die pleitbesorger steun op 'n verweer van rektifikasie, maar later blyk dit tog dat daar gesteun word op eensydige dwaling wat tot gevolg het dat die betrokke borgaktes nietig, alternatiewelik vernietigbaar is. Soos Harms Wn AR (soos hy toe was) dit in Sonap Petroleum (SA) (Pty) Ltd (formerly C known as Sonarep (SA) (Pty) Ltd) v Pappadogianis 1992 (3) SA 234...
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